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2nd Quarter > Regional Anesthesia Test 1 > Flashcards

Regional Anesthesia Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a drugs pKA?

A

It is the ph level of the drug?

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2
Q

What is the significance of a drugs pKA in relation to absorption?

A

The closer the drugs pKa is to the bodies pH, the quicker onset it will have, the only exception is Chloroprocaine due to its concentration

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3
Q

Which regional anesthetic has the quickest onset of action and why?

A

Chloroprocaine; its concentration

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4
Q

In local anesthesia agents, lipid solubility directly correlates with what?

A

Potency

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5
Q

In local anesthesia agents, protein binding directly correlates to what?

A

Duration

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6
Q

What three other factors also impact local anesthesia duration of action?

A
  1. lipid solubility
  2. Vasoconstrictors
  3. tissue blood flow
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7
Q

In local anesthesia agents, speed of onset directly correlates to what?

A

pKa

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8
Q

In local anesthesia agents, onset of action indirectly correlates to what?

A

ionization

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9
Q

How does blood flow affect the absorption of local anesthetics?

A

Tissue sites with greater blood flow exhibit increased absorption of local anesthetics

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10
Q

What is the pneumonic for tissue sites from most vascular to least? Most blood flow to the least?

A

In Time I Can Please Everyone But Sally & Shelby

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11
Q

List the tissues sites in order from most vascular to least as related to absorption of local anesthetic agents and onset of action.

A
  1. IV
  2. Tracheal
  3. Intercostal
  4. Caudal
  5. Paracervical
  6. Epidural
  7. Brachial Plexus
  8. Subarachnoid, Sciatic, Femoral
  9. Subcutaneous
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12
Q

If the plasma concentration of local anesthesia becomes significantly elevated what can happen?

A

it can lead to toxicity of the CV and the CN systems

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity(LAST)?

A

the inadvertent intravascular injection and administration of an excessive dose of local anesthetic.

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14
Q

What substance sequester any lipid binding drug in cases of LAST?

A

Lipids

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15
Q

What are clinical signs of increased plasma concentrations of local anesthetics @ 5 mcg/ml?

A

Lightheadedness, tinnitus, circumoral and tongue numbness

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16
Q

What are clinical signs of increased plasma concentrations of local anesthetics @ 10 mcg/ml?

A

Muscular twitching and visual disturbances

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17
Q

What are clinical signs of increased plasma concentrations of local anesthetics @ 15 mcg/ml?

A

convulsions and unconsciousness

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18
Q

What are clinical signs of increased plasma concentrations of local anesthetics @ 20 mcg/ml?

A

unconsciousness and coma

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19
Q

What are clinical signs of increased plasma concentrations of local anesthetics @ 25 mcg/ml?

A

Respiratory arrest and CVS depression

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20
Q

What drug should you pretreat with 5-10 minutes before administering local anesthetics? And why?

A

Pretreat with benzodiazepine such as versed, versed elevates the seizure threshold in case they become toxic

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21
Q

What patient habitus is particularly at risk for LAST?

A

patients with poor muscle mass as there is not protein to bind too

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22
Q

How long does it take from of the time of injection can LAST occur?

A

5 - 25 minutes

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23
Q

What should you do frequently while injecting the local anesthetics?

A

aspirate frequently

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24
Q

What is the 4 most important treatments of LAST?

A
  1. airway management
  2. seizure suppression
  3. CPR
  4. 20% Lipid emulsion injection
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25
Q

At what dose should lipid emulsion be given for LAST?

A

1.5 ml/kg initial bolus, followed by 0.25 ml/kg/min for 30 - 60 minutes
Bolus could be repeated 1 -2 times for persistent systole
Infusion rate could be increased if the BP declines

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26
Q

What is meant by Lidocaine(2345678)?

A

234 g/mol Molecular Weight
56 % Protein bound
7.8 pKa

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27
Q

Is it ionized or unionized local anesthetic that renders the nerve insensate?

A

unionized

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28
Q

On what structure in the nerve does neuromuscular blockade occur

A

Axon

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29
Q

What is the name of the node in which the nerve blockade jumps from and how many nodes to achieve blockade??

A

Node of Ranvier; 2-3 nerves to achieve blockade

30
Q

From what vertebrae does the Cervical Plexus originate from?

A

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5

31
Q

From what vertebrae does the Phrenic Nerve originate from?

A

C3, C4, C5 with major contribution from C4

32
Q

From what vertebrae does the Brachial Plexus originate from?

A

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

33
Q

What are four complications of a Cervical Plexus Block?

A
  1. Phrenic nerve block(hiccups)
  2. Horner’s syndrome(ptosis~eye drooping, miosis~eye constriction, anhydrosis~inability to sweat, enophthalmosis, scleral hyperemia, facial flushing, nasal congestion)
  3. Hoarseness
  4. Accidental intrathecal or epidural injection
    * upper extremities blocks should never be done in adults while they are anesthetized*
34
Q

What is the pneumonic to identify the blocks of the Brachial Plexus?

A

Real Trojans Drink Cold Beer

Roots,Trunks,Divisions,Cords,terminal Branches

35
Q

To do an Interscalene Block what nerves do you want to block?

A

Distal roots and proximal trunks

36
Q

To do a Supraclavicular Block what nerves do you want to block?

A

Distal trunks and proximal divisions

37
Q

To do a Infraclavicular Block what nerves do you want to block?

A

Among the cords

38
Q

To do an Axillary Block what nerves do you want to block?

A

the Terminal Branches

39
Q

What is the acceptable amperage to inject LA at?

A

0.2 - 0.5 with muscle stimulation

40
Q

What are the 6 acceptable twitches for a successful blockade of the Brachial Plexus

A
  1. pectorals major
  2. deltoid
  3. biceps
  4. triceps
  5. forearm
  6. hand
41
Q

What are 3 advantages to Interscalene blockade?

A
  1. appropriate for shoulder surgery
  2. risk of pneumothorax is small
  3. landmarks are easy to find in obese patients
42
Q

What are 4 disadvantages to Interscalene blockade?

A
  1. paresthesias are usually elicited
  2. ulnar nerve is frequently spared(C8-T1)
  3. NOT appropriate for patients with significant pulmonary compromise
  4. Phrenic nerve blockade typically ensues, however only 10% are symptomatic
43
Q

What are 4 complications of a Interscalene blockade?

A
  1. unintentional epidural or spinal anesthesia
  2. puncture of the vertebral artery
  3. Phrenic nerve block(hemidiaphragmatic paralysis, unilateral)
  4. LAST
44
Q

What is the position and technique for an Interscalene block?

A
  • patient in supine position with HOB slightly elevated and head turned to away from the side being blocked
  • sternocleidomastoid muscle is palpated
  • roll fingers off posteriorly
  • intersection at C6
45
Q

What are the 4 drugs used for a ISB and what is the dosages associated with them?

A

Lidocaine 20-30 mls
Mepivacaine 20-30 mls
Bupivacaine 20-30 mls
Ropivacaine 20-30 mls

46
Q

What are 3 advantages of Supraclavicular Blocks?

A
  1. Brachial plexus is most compact here(3 trunks)
  2. Arm can be in any position
  3. Most homogenous block of brachial plexus-get the most coverage(Ulnar nerve is not spared)
47
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of Supraclavicular Blocks?

A
  1. Difficult to perform and to teach
  2. considerable experience is required
  3. Pneumothorax is a major risk
48
Q

What are 4 complications of a Supraclavicular Block?

A
  1. puncture of the subclavian artery
  2. pneumothorax
  3. phrenic nerve block(Hemidiaphragmatic Paralysis)(Unilateral)
  4. LAST
49
Q

What are the 4 drugs and dosages used for SCB?

A
  1. lidocaine 30 mls
  2. bupivacaine 30 mls
  3. ropivacaine 30 mls
  4. mepivacaine 30 mls
50
Q

What are 4 advantages of Infraclavicular Blocks?

A
  1. Nerves frequently missed with the axillary approach are blocked
  2. The musculocutaneous nerve IS usually blocked
  3. Unlike the axillary approach, does not require positioning of the arm
  4. Phrenic nerve blockade IS NOT a possibility
51
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of Infraclavicular Blocks?

A
  1. No pulse to assist in blocking bundle
  2. If injection is too far proximal to the clavicle, the musculocutaneous and axillary nerves will be missed
  3. Needle insertion too medial can result in a pneumothorax
52
Q

What are the 4 drugs and dosages used for ICB?

A
  1. lidocaine 30 mls
  2. bupivacaine 30 mls
  3. ropivacaine 30 mls
  4. mepivacaine 30 mls
53
Q

What 3 nerves are involved with an Axillary block?

A
  1. median nerve
  2. ulnar nerve
  3. radial nerve

My Uncle Rapped

54
Q

What are 3 advantages to an Axillary blockade?

A
  1. provides anesthesia for surgery on forearm and wrist
  2. fewer complications than for SCB
  3. probably the safest and most reliable for the patient

used for A-V fistulas

55
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of an Axillary block?

A
  1. arm must be ABducted for block
  2. NOT for shoulder or upper arm surgery
  3. musculocutaneous nerve lies outside of per vascular sheath. Separate block is required.
56
Q

What is the technique of an Axillary block?

A
  1. patient supine, head turned away from block
  2. arm abducted 90 degrees
  3. forearm flexed 90 degrees
  4. palpate brachial artery as far proximal
57
Q

What are the 4 drugs and dosages used for AB?

A

Lidocaine 20-30 mls
Mepivacaine 20-30 mls
Bupivacaine 20-30 mls
Ropivacaine 20-30 mls

58
Q

What nerve is not routinely blocked with ISB?

A

ulnar nerve

59
Q

Which block is appropriate for shoulder surgery?

A

Interscalene Block

60
Q

What volume of LA would you inject for an ISB?

A

20 - 30 mls

61
Q

What nerve mediates extension of the wrist?

A

Radial nerve

62
Q

Which nerve extends the elbow?

A

Radial nerve

63
Q

If you get paresthesia, is it ok to inject?

A

No

64
Q

These two nerves mediates flexion of the wrist.

A

median and ulnar nerve

65
Q

If you obtain a twitch of deltoid at 0.15 mA, is it ok to inject?

A

No your too close

66
Q

3 Characteristic movement of fingers, wrist and elbow in response to nerve stimulation of the Radial nerve.

A
  1. extension at elbow
  2. supination of forearm
  3. extension of wrist and fingers
67
Q

4 Characteristic movement of fingers, wrist and elbow in response to nerve stimulation of the Median nerve.

A
  1. pronation of forearm
  2. flexion of the wrist
  3. opposition of middle, forefinger and thumb
  4. flexion of the lateral three fingers
68
Q

3 Characteristic movement of fingers, wrist and elbow in response to nerve stimulation of the Ulnar nerve.

A
  1. flexion of the wrist
  2. adduction of all fingers
  3. flexion and opposition of medial two fingers toward thumb
69
Q

Characteristic movement of fingers, wrist and elbow in response to nerve stimulation of the Musculocutaneous.

A

flexion of the elbow

70
Q

If you get paraesthesia while advancing PNS with needle do you inject or not?

A

No you back out a bit

71
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Horner’s Syndrome?

A

Horner’s syndrome(ptosis~eye drooping, miosis~eye constriction, anhydrosis~inability to sweat, enophthalmosis, scleral hyperemia, facial flushing, nasal congestion)

2nd Quarter (27 decks)

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