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Anesthesia > Regional anesthesia > Flashcards

Regional anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

what is RA

A

it involves the injection of LA agents around nerves in the PNS or CNS causing Reversible abolition of pain and sensation in a part of the body without loss of consciousness

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2
Q

what are the types of RA (2)

A
  1. Neuraxial anesthesia (Spinal anesthesia and Epidural)
  2. Peripheral nerve blockades
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3
Q

when LA are injected into the subarachnoid space what do they inhibit

A

nerve impulse conduction in all nerves with which it comes in contact (motor, sensory, autonomic) via sodium channel blockade.

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4
Q

what is the MOA of LA

A

LA produce anesthesia by inhibiting excitation of nerve endings or by blocking conduction in peripheral nerves by binding to and inactivating sodium channels

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4
Q

which nerves are affected first after injection of LA (2)

A
  1. autonomic
  2. sensory
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5
Q

what happens when autonomic fibers are blocked (2)

A
  1. vasodilation
  2. hypotension
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6
Q

what are advantages of spinal anesthesia (7)

A
  1. Avoids hazards of GA
  2. Rapid action
  3. consciousness is preserved
  4. Alternative to GA for certain poor risk patients
  5. Lesser post op confusion
  6. Safe and cheaper alternative
  7. prolonged post op analgesia
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7
Q

where does the spinal cord end in adults

A

L1

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8
Q

where does the spinal cord end in children

A

L3

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9
Q

what is the most dependent part in supine position

A

T4-T8

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9
Q

in the cervical area what is the first palpable spinous process

A

C2

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10
Q

the spinous process of T7 is at what level

A

is at the level of inferior angle of Scapula

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10
Q

what is at S2-S4

A

perineum

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10
Q

in the cervical area what is the most prominent spinous process

A

C7
- bony knob at the back of the neck

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11
Q

what is at T4

A

nipples

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11
Q

what is the line joining the top of the iliac crests at L4/L5

A

tuffiers line

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11
Q

what layers do you penetrate when trying to reach the subarachnoid space (9)

A
  1. Skin
  2. Subcutaneous fat
  3. Supraspinous ligament
  4. Interspinous ligament
  5. Ligamentum flavum
  6. Dura matter
  7. Subdural space
  8. Arachnoid matter
  9. Subarachnoid space
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11
Q

what is at T6

A

xiphoid

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11
Q

what are absolute contraindications for spinal anesthesia (5)

A
  1. Inadequate drug/ equipment
  2. Severe hypovolemia
  3. Increased ICP
  4. Patient refusal
  5. Infection at puncture site
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11
Q

what do dermatomes help with

A

to know the level of your spinal anesthesia

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11
Q

what are indications for spinal anesthesia (2)

A
  1. Operations below lower half of body
    - surgery on the lower limb, pelvis, genitals, and perineum, and most urological procedures, obstetric procedures e.g. cesarean section
  2. Patients with systemic disease
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11
Q

what is at T10

A

umbilicus

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11
Q

what is found at T1-T4

A

cardiac accelerators fiber
- will result in bradycardia & decrease in contractility if affected

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11
Q

what is at t12, L1

A

inguinal ligament, crest of ilium

11
Q

how do you manage the complication hypotension
(4)

A
  1. oxygen therapy
  2. vasoconstrictor drugs
  3. ā†‘rate of I.V
  4. treat bradycardia
12
Q

what is found at T5-L1

A

vasomotor fibers
- which determine tone, result in vasodilation on blockade

12
Q

how can you manage the complication high/total spinal (5)

A
  1. Asses patient using ABCD approach.
  2. give high flow oxygen.
  3. in cases of maternal collapse patient may require mechanical ventilation.
  4. Treat Hypotension and bradycardia (atropine) if present.
  5. Reverse Trendelenburg positioning often proves essential
12
Q

what are relative contraindications for spinal anesthesia (5)

A
  1. Sepsis
  2. Coagulopathy
  3. Uncooperative patient
  4. Spinal deformity
  5. Preexisting neurological deficit
12
Q

what causes the post dural puncture headache (2)

A
  1. Due to leak of CSF from dural defect leads to traction in supporting structure especially in dura and tentorium
  2. vasodilatation of cerebral blood vessels.
12
Q

what are immediate complications of spinal anesthesia (6)

A
  1. Hypotension
  2. Bradycardia
  3. high and total spinal block
  4. urinary retention
  5. Epidural hematoma
  6. Bleeding
12
Q

what are late complications of spinal anesthesia (3)

A
  1. Post dural puncture Headaches,
  2. infections
  3. urinary retention
13
Q

why is a decreased dose required for spinal anesthesia in pregnancy (2)

A
  1. Mechanical factor-compression
    - Compression of IVC causes shunting of blood to the venous plexus in the vertebral canal-decreased vertebral canal space and CSF volume
  2. Hormonal factors- higher progesterone levels
    - increases the sensitivity of neuronal membranes to LA
13
Q

what is the difference between high and total spinal

A
  • High spinal involves a spread of LA affecting spinal nerves above T4.
  • Total spinal, there is an intracranial spread of LA resulting in loss of consciousness.
14
Q

where is the postdural puncture headache usually located (2)

A

-. bifrontal
- occipital

15
Q

when is a postdural puncture headache usually worse(3)

A
  1. upright position
  2. coughing
  3. straining
16
Q

what does post-dural puncture headache cause (5)

A
  1. nausea
  2. photophobia
  3. tinnitus
  4. diplopia[6th nerve]
  5. cranial nerve palsy
17
Q

what is treatment for post-dural puncture headaches (4)

A
  1. keeping patient supine
  2. adequate hydration
  3. NSAIDS
  4. epidural blood patch ( if headache not relieved with 12-24hr)
18
Q

what factors may increase the incidence of post spinal puncture headaches (6)

A
  1. age
    - younger > older
  2. gender
    - females > males
  3. needle size
    - larger > smaller
  4. needle bevel
    - less when the bevel is placed in the long axis of the neuraxis
  5. often with pregnancy
  6. often with multiple punctures
18
Q

what is the onset of post-spinal puncture headache

A

12-72 hrs following procedure

19
Q

how do you perform the spinal anesthesia in lateral decubitus position (3)

A
  1. Needs to be Parallel to the Edge of the Bed
  2. Legs Flexed up to Abdomen
  3. Forehead Flexed down towards Knees
19
Q

which positions can you place patient in for spinal anesthesia (2)

A
  1. sitting
  2. lateral decubitus
19
Q

what are examples of opioids (4)

A
  1. fentanyl-12.5mcg
  2. sufentanyl-2.5-5mcg
  3. Diamorphine -0.3mg
  4. morphine- 0.1-0.2mg
20
Q

what is baricity

A

Density of solution in relation to density of CSF

20
Q

how do you perform the sitting spinal anesthesia (4)

A
  1. With Legs hanging over side of bed
  2. Put Feet up on a Stool (no wheels)
  3. Assistant MUST keep the patient from Swaying
  4. Curve her back like a ā€œCā€,
20
Q

what factors affect block height (6)

A
  1. Baricity of anesthetic solution
  2. Position of the patient
  3. Drug Dosage (mg)
  4. Concentration times volume
  5. Addition of Opioids
  6. Site of Injection
21
Q

what do hypobaric solutions do

A

rise against gravity

21
Q

what do hyperbaric solutions do

A

tend to follow gravity

21
Q

what do isobaric solutions do

A

tend to remain in the same height where they were injected

21
Q

what adjuvants can be used (4)

A
  1. opioids
  2. epinephrine
  3. clonidine
  4. neostigmine
22
Q

how do opioids help (4)

A
  1. improves analgesic by prolonging sensory block
  2. reduces local anesthetic requirements
    - they enhance the effect of the LA, allowing for the use of lower doses of LA whilst still achieving effective pain control ( reduces risk of toxicity )
  3. reduces duration of motor blockade
    - this is useful in cases where pain relief is desired without prolonged muscle paralysis, aiding in quicker recovery of movement post procedure
  4. improves hemodynamic stability.
23
Q

how does epinephrine work (2)

A
  1. Decreases blood flow
  2. prolongs block by decreasing the rate of LA reabsorption.
24
Q

how does clonidine work

A

prolongs duration of sensory analgesia

25
Q

how does neostigmine work

A

inhibits breakdown of acetylcholine

  • can reverse non depolarizing neuromuscular blockade
26
Q

what are types of PNB (2)

A
  1. upper PNB
    - axillary
    - interscalene
  2. lower PNB
    - sciatic
    - popliteal
    - lumbar plexus
27
Q

what tool can help you when performing a PNB

A

ultrasound

28
Q

what are complications of PNB (4)

A
  1. Intravascular injection
  2. Local anesthetic toxicity
  3. Nerve damage
  4. INFECTION
29
Q

how should you prepare for a PNB (4)

A
  1. Consent
  2. infection control
  3. Equipment:
    - drugs
    - syringes
    - needle
    - USS machine
    - nerve stimulator
  4. Assistance
30
Q

what are the LA drugs (2)

A
  1. esters
    - procaine
    - cocaine
  2. amide
    - Lignocaine 3mg/kg
    7mg/kg with adrenaline
    - Bupivacaine 2mg/kg
    2mg/kg with adrenaline
    - Ropivacaine 3mg/kg
    3mg/kg with adrenaline
31
Q

which LA drugs are commonly associated with allergic reactions

A

esters

Anesthesia (12 decks)

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