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Anesthesia > Complications in anesthesia > Flashcards

Complications in anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

what are complications of induction anesthesia (3)

A
  1. airway injuries
  2. eye injuries
  3. positional injuries
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2
Q

what airway injuries can occur

A

Injuries to the mouth structures, throat etc. which are caused by placement of laryngoscope blade, oropharyngeal airway, laryngeal mask airway or ETT.

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3
Q

what eye injuries can occur (2)

A
  1. Facemask pressure on eyes.
  2. Corneal ulceration due to loss of blink reflex due to anesthesia.
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4
Q

how can you prevent corneal ulceration

A

tapping the eyes closed

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5
Q

what positional injuries can occur

A

pressure injuries on peripheral nerves and nerve damage due to improper positioning

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6
Q

what nerves are at risk in positional injuries (5)

A
  1. Radial nerve(Saturday night palsy)
  2. ulnar nerve
  3. brachial plexus nerves injuries,
  4. lateral popliteal nerve in the lithotomy position(foot drop),
  5. femoral nerve damage in Lloyd Davis(extended lithotomy position).
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7
Q

how can the positional injuries be prevented

A

by putting padding in the pressure points

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8
Q

what are complications of regional anesthesia (7)

A
  1. Epidural abscess
  2. Meningitis
  3. Epidural hematoma
  4. Nerve injuries
  5. Post spinal headache
  6. Hypotension
  7. High spinal /total spinal
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9
Q

what are early complications of central venous cannulation (4)

A
  1. Technical
    - Pneumothorax
    - Hemothorax
  2. Nerve damage
  3. Dysrhythmias (guide wire related)
  4. Air embolism
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10
Q

what are late complications of central venous cannulation (4)

A
  1. Infection-sepsis
  2. Endocarditis
  3. Thrombosis
  4. tamponade
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11
Q

what risk factors can result in the complication post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) (4)

A
  1. anesthetic factors
  2. patient factors
  3. surgical factors
  4. post op factors
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12
Q

what anesthetic factors can cause PONV (3)

A

1.Prolonged pre-op starvation
2.Hypotension from spinal or epidural
3.Emetic drugs
- opiates
- etomidate
- ketamine
- N2O
- Volatile anaesthetics

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13
Q

what patient factors cause PONV (5)

A
  1. Children
  2. females
  3. history of motion sickness
  4. previous PONV
  5. Obesity
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14
Q

what surgical factors can cause PONV (5)

A
  1. Ear or eye surgery
  2. intraabdominal surgery
  3. laparoscopy
  4. gynaecological surgery
  5. orchidopexy
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15
Q

what post op factors can cause PONV ( 4)

A
  1. Pain
  2. opiates
  3. forced oral fluids too soon
  4. hypotension
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16
Q

how can you prevent or reduce the incidence of PONV (3)

A
  1. Avoid emetic drugs
  2. Regional anesthesia
  3. TIVA ( total intravenous anesthesia) with Propofol
17
Q

what are pharmacological ways of managing PONV

A

Anti-emetic drugs:
- Droperidol
- Butyrophenone
- Prochlorperazine
- Ondansetron
- Dexamethasone
- metoclopromide

18
Q

what are non pharmacological ways of managing PONV

A

keeping patient well hydrated

19
Q

what causes the complication awareness (2)

A
  1. faulty equipment
  2. light anesthesia
20
Q

what can the complication hypothermia cause (5)

A
  1. coagulopathy
  2. poor ventilatory efforts
  3. dysrhythmias
  4. slowed drug metabolism
  5. increased o2 consumption during shivering.
21
Q

how can you prevent hypothermia (4)

A
  1. Forced air warming blanket (bear hugger)
  2. Warm IV fluids and irrigating fluids
  3. Warm inhaled gases
  4. Warm the theatre temperature if necessary
22
Q

how can endotracheal intubation result in complications (4)

A
  1. Failure to intubate
  2. Dislodge or go too deep resulting in endobronchial intubation
  3. Kinking
  4. Obstruction with foreign body or secretions
23
Q

what are risk factors for aspiration (7)

A
  1. Full stomach
  2. Ileus
  3. Acute abdomen
  4. Hiatus hernia
  5. Pregnancy
  6. Obesity
  7. Gastric outlet obstruction
24
Q

how can aspiration result in complications

A

Perioperative aspiration of gastric contents can cause a chemical pneumonitis (Mendelson syndrome) and may result into a fatal ARDS.

25
Q

how can you prevent aspiration (2)

A
  1. Starving for 6 hours of solid food and for 2 hours at least of clear fluids prior to elective procedure
  2. To avoid trauma as it may delay gastric emptying for hours.
26
Q

what are cardiovascular complications (4)

A
  1. Hypotension
  2. Hypertension
  3. Dysrhythmias And Cardiac Arrests
  4. Myocardial Infarction
27
Q

what are respiratory complications (6)

A
  1. aspiration
  2. Laryngospasm
  3. Bronchospasms
  4. Airway obstruction
  5. Post operative respiratory depression and hypoventilation
  6. pneumothorax
28
Q

how can equipment failure result in complications

A

Anaesthetic Machine , ventilator Tubings , vaporisers,intubation Equipment , wiring, And Monitors can all malfunction.

29
Q

what pharmacogenetic diseases complications can arise (4)

A
  1. Malignant hyperthermia
  2. Halothane hepatitis
  3. Porphyria
  4. Scoline apnea
30
Q

what complications can arise from drugs

A

anaphylaxis

Anesthesia (12 decks)

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