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Anaemia > Regenerative > Flashcards

Regenerative Flashcards

1
Q

What is regenerative anaemia

A

When bone marrow is responding to reduced RBC number

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2
Q

Signs of anaemia

A

Acute

  • pallor
  • tachycardia
  • muscular weakness
  • subnormal temp
  • coma
  • death

Chronic

  • fatigue
  • exercise intolerant
  • tachycardia
  • fainting
  • pallor
  • cardiac mummer (blood viscosity decreases)
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3
Q

How is anaemia caused

A

Reduction in bone marrow production

Increases destruction of bone marrow

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4
Q

What hormone regulates RBC production

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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5
Q

How does EPO become stimulates

A

Decrease oxygen in the kidney

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6
Q

Where is EPO produced

A

Kidney

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7
Q

What will be seen in blood smear if regenerative

A

Presence of reticulocyte - bone marrow is replacing lost RBC

Polychromasia
- increased number or RBC
As prematurely released from bone marrow
Stain grey/blue (reticulocyte)

Anisocytosis
- red blood cells are uneven sizes

Macrocytic hyperchromic
- immature RBC are larger than mature

Hypochromic
- have enough haemoglobin but as larger cells they have lower concentration

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8
Q

How long does it take to produce new RBC

A

3-5 days

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of regenerative anaemia

A

Haemorrahagic
Haemolytic
Hyproproliferative

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10
Q

What is haemorrhagic anaemia

A

= loss of blood

Can be acute or chronic

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11
Q

Examples of acute haemorrhagic anaemia

A 
External or internal bleeding 
- trauma 
- surgery 
- parasite (tics or hookworm) 
Coagulation disorder (warfarin or sweet clover)
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12
Q

Examples of chronic anaemia

A

GI lesions
Bleeding from ulcers or neoplasms
Parasites
Coagulation disorders - lack of vitamin k or haemophilia

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13
Q

What are howell-jolly bodies

A

Black dots seen on RBC

= remnants of nucleus on cell surface

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14
Q

What might be seen on blood smear of haemorrhagic anaemia

A

Polychromasia

H-J bodies

Thrombocytosis - platelet number high to stop

Neutrophilia

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15
Q

Why might haemorrhagic anaemia not be detected in first few days

A

The blood volume decrease is compensated for by movement of fluid from tissue to plasma

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16
Q

What does degree of regeneration depend on with haemorrhagic anaemia

A

Volume of blood loss
- greater loss = greater regeneration

Location of bleeding
- internal = iron available for haemoglobin synthesis = greater regeneration

If proteins are being lost

17
Q

What is haemolytic anaemia

A

When red blood cells are destroyed before natural life span is over

18
Q

What are the 2 methods or red blood cell destruction

A

Extravascular lysis - destroyed out with blood vessel

Intravascular - within blood vessel

19
Q

How can you detect haemolytic anaemia

A

Haemoglobinuria
- excrete free haemoglobin

Haematuria
- blood in the urine

20
Q

Learn Extravascular and intravascular pathways

A

Do it

21
Q

Causes of haemolytic anaemia

A

Inherited

  • inherited abnormality in RBC membrane - identified by spleen and destroyed
  • inherited abnormality in enzymes in RBC - become fragile
  • inherited haemoglobin disorder

Acquired

  • infectious agents
  • oxidative compounds
  • fragmentation
  • immune mediated
22
Q

How do infectious agents cause haemolytic anaemia

A

Blood borne parasites
Can replicate in RBC and burst them to replicate further

Babesiosis
Mycoplasma

23
Q

How do oxidative compounds cause anaemia

A

Oxidative damage to haemoglobin causes formation of Heinz bodies which are then destroyed

Oxidative compounds cause changes to membrane, call structure and/or haemoglobin

24
Q

Examples of oxidative compounds that cause haemolytic anaemia

A

Copper poisoning
Onions
Paracetamol
Zinc

25
Q

What is fragmentation

A

When the RBC are subjected to physical trauma causing them to lyse

26
Q

What causes fragmentation

A

Heat

Heart valve problems causing blood to flow in both directions

Thrombus in blood means
RBC have to squeeze past

Microangiopathic

27
Q

What might appear in blood smear of animal with haemolytic anaemia

A

Schistocytes
= fragmentations of RBC

Acanthocytes
= intact but jaggy RBC

28
Q

What is immune mediated haemolytic anaemia

A

When the body produces antibodies against own RBC

29
Q

What are two common types of immune mediated haemolytic anaemia as

A
  • blood transfusion

- neonatal isoerythrolysis

30
Q

What is blood transfusion reaction

A

When body produces antibodies against donated blood

Due to not being same blood type

31
Q

What is isoerythrolysis

A

When maternal blood group antibodies are absorbed from colostrum destroying neonate RBC

Neonate has parental blood group
Mother already sensitised to blood group of parental (previous off Spring)

32
Q

Define anaemia

A

Reduction in RBC or the haemoglobin concentrations

Anaemia (3 decks)

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