Regenerative Flashcards

1
Q

What is regenerative anaemia

A

When bone marrow is responding to reduced RBC number

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2
Q

Signs of anaemia

A

Acute

  • pallor
  • tachycardia
  • muscular weakness
  • subnormal temp
  • coma
  • death

Chronic

  • fatigue
  • exercise intolerant
  • tachycardia
  • fainting
  • pallor
  • cardiac mummer (blood viscosity decreases)
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3
Q

How is anaemia caused

A

Reduction in bone marrow production

Increases destruction of bone marrow

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4
Q

What hormone regulates RBC production

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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5
Q

How does EPO become stimulates

A

Decrease oxygen in the kidney

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6
Q

Where is EPO produced

A

Kidney

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7
Q

What will be seen in blood smear if regenerative

A

Presence of reticulocyte - bone marrow is replacing lost RBC

Polychromasia
- increased number or RBC
As prematurely released from bone marrow
Stain grey/blue (reticulocyte)

Anisocytosis
- red blood cells are uneven sizes

Macrocytic hyperchromic
- immature RBC are larger than mature

Hypochromic
- have enough haemoglobin but as larger cells they have lower concentration

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8
Q

How long does it take to produce new RBC

A

3-5 days

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of regenerative anaemia

A

Haemorrahagic
Haemolytic
Hyproproliferative

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10
Q

What is haemorrhagic anaemia

A

= loss of blood

Can be acute or chronic

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11
Q

Examples of acute haemorrhagic anaemia

A
External or internal bleeding 
- trauma 
- surgery 
- parasite (tics or hookworm) 
Coagulation disorder (warfarin or sweet clover)
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12
Q

Examples of chronic anaemia

A

GI lesions
Bleeding from ulcers or neoplasms
Parasites
Coagulation disorders - lack of vitamin k or haemophilia

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13
Q

What are howell-jolly bodies

A

Black dots seen on RBC

= remnants of nucleus on cell surface

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14
Q

What might be seen on blood smear of haemorrhagic anaemia

A

Polychromasia

H-J bodies

Thrombocytosis - platelet number high to stop

Neutrophilia

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15
Q

Why might haemorrhagic anaemia not be detected in first few days

A

The blood volume decrease is compensated for by movement of fluid from tissue to plasma

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16
Q

What does degree of regeneration depend on with haemorrhagic anaemia

A

Volume of blood loss
- greater loss = greater regeneration

Location of bleeding
- internal = iron available for haemoglobin synthesis = greater regeneration

If proteins are being lost

17
Q

What is haemolytic anaemia

A

When red blood cells are destroyed before natural life span is over

18
Q

What are the 2 methods or red blood cell destruction

A

Extravascular lysis - destroyed out with blood vessel

Intravascular - within blood vessel

19
Q

How can you detect haemolytic anaemia

A

Haemoglobinuria
- excrete free haemoglobin

Haematuria
- blood in the urine

20
Q

Learn Extravascular and intravascular pathways

21
Q

Causes of haemolytic anaemia

A

Inherited

  • inherited abnormality in RBC membrane - identified by spleen and destroyed
  • inherited abnormality in enzymes in RBC - become fragile
  • inherited haemoglobin disorder

Acquired

  • infectious agents
  • oxidative compounds
  • fragmentation
  • immune mediated
22
Q

How do infectious agents cause haemolytic anaemia

A

Blood borne parasites
Can replicate in RBC and burst them to replicate further

Babesiosis
Mycoplasma

23
Q

How do oxidative compounds cause anaemia

A

Oxidative damage to haemoglobin causes formation of Heinz bodies which are then destroyed

Oxidative compounds cause changes to membrane, call structure and/or haemoglobin

24
Q

Examples of oxidative compounds that cause haemolytic anaemia

A

Copper poisoning
Onions
Paracetamol
Zinc

25
What is fragmentation
When the RBC are subjected to physical trauma causing them to lyse
26
What causes fragmentation
Heat Heart valve problems causing blood to flow in both directions Thrombus in blood means RBC have to squeeze past Microangiopathic
27
What might appear in blood smear of animal with haemolytic anaemia
Schistocytes = fragmentations of RBC Acanthocytes = intact but jaggy RBC
28
What is immune mediated haemolytic anaemia
When the body produces antibodies against own RBC
29
What are two common types of immune mediated haemolytic anaemia as
- blood transfusion | - neonatal isoerythrolysis
30
What is blood transfusion reaction
When body produces antibodies against donated blood | Due to not being same blood type
31
What is isoerythrolysis
When maternal blood group antibodies are absorbed from colostrum destroying neonate RBC Neonate has parental blood group Mother already sensitised to blood group of parental (previous off Spring)
32
Define anaemia
Reduction in RBC or the haemoglobin concentrations