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Pathology > Regeneration, repair, and wound healing > Flashcards

Regeneration, repair, and wound healing Flashcards

1
Q

regeneration

A

restoration of damaged or lost cells or tissues to their original state
requires intact ECM scaffold and cell proliferation

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2
Q

repair

A

combination of regeneration and scar formation by deposition of collagen, usually occurs when ECM is damaged and new ECM (collagen) is laid down

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3
Q

labile cells

A

continuously cycling ex skin epithelium

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4
Q

quiescent cells

A

stable cells not actively dividing but able to re-enter cell cycle at G1 and divide ex liver, kidney, pancreas

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5
Q

terminally differentiated cells

A

permanent, do not divide ex neurons, cardiac myocytes

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6
Q

regulation of cell cycle

A

Cyclin D binds to cyclin dependent kinase after signal from growth factor, kinase becomes active and phosphorylates retinoblastoma (main controller of G1 to S transition).
Rb releases E2F so E2F can go to promoter site and translate S phase proteins

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7
Q

endocrine

A

hormones released into bloodstream to reach target cells (steroid hormones)

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8
Q

paracrine

A

cells release soluble factors directed to target cell in the immediate vicinity (neurotransmitters)

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9
Q

autocrine

A

cells respond so substances they release themselves (TGF beta)

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10
Q

juxtacrine

A

target cells bind a signaling molecule bone the plasma membrane of the signaling cells (some EGFs)

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11
Q

epidermal growth factor

A
  • receptor is EGFR1, tyrosine kinase
  • juxtacrine mechanism
  • cells of origin: macrophages, inflammatory cells, platelets
  • target cells: epithelial cells, fibroblasts
  • effects: cellular proliferation
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12
Q

platelet derived growth factor

A
  • receptor is PDGFRa/B, tyrosine kinase
  • cells of origin: platelet granules, macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts
  • target cells: mesenchymal cells (NOT epithelial cells), hematopoietic cells and fibroblasts
  • effects: chemokine and mitogen for mesenchymal cells, stimulates fibroblasts to secrete ECM and collagenase
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13
Q

fibroblast growth factor

A
  • receptor is tyrosine kinase, requires FGF to be bound to ECM syndecan in order to activate receptor
  • cells of origin: epithelial cells, macrophages
  • target cells: fibroblasts, endothelial cells
  • effects: fibroblast chemotaxis, proliferation, ECM deposition, angiogenesis
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14
Q

vascular endothelial growth factor

A
  • receptor tyrosine kinase
  • cells of origin: mesenchymal cells, leukocytes, fibroblasts
  • target cells: endothelial cells
  • effects: angiogenesis, endothelial cell proliferation and migration, vascular permeability
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15
Q

transforming growth factor beta

A
  • polypeptide growth factor, receptor is serine/ threonine kinase
  • cells of origin: platelets, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages
  • target cells: fibroblasts, leukocytes
  • functions: many, some contradictory. promote fibrogenesis
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16
Q

interferon

A

cytokine produced by T cells that targets macrophages and fibroblasts to activate macrophages, down-regulate collagen synthesis, inhibit fibroblast proliferation

17
Q

IL-1

A

cytokine produced by macrophages that targets inflammatory cells and fibroblasts to mediate immune functions in the wound and is chemotactic for neutrophils and fibroblasts

18
Q

TNF

A

cytokine produced by macrophages and T cells that targets macrophages and T cells. autocrine function in macrophages- causes IL-1 production. activates T cells, induced collagen production in fibroblasts, attracts neutrophils

19
Q

stem cell properties

A

have not terminally differentiated, can regenerate lost cells, self renewal, asymmetric replication

20
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

derived from inner mass of blastocyst, pluripotent

21
Q

induced pluripotent

A

adult fibroblasts treated with gene products revert to pluripotent stem cells

22
Q

adult stem cells

A

adult stem cell reservoirs in certain tissues, limited in differentiation potential

23
Q

collagen

A

triple helix polypeptide chains modified by glycosylation and hydroxylation
Type IV is non-fibrilar and found in basement membrane

24
Q

elastic fibers

A

composed of a core of elastin surrounded by fibrillin

25
Q

fibronectin

A

plasma form stabilizes early clot, cellular form is secreted from fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells
binds numerous molecules
first ECM deposited during wound healing

26
Q

laminin

A

found in basement membrane in network with Type IV collagen, similar functionally to fibronectin

27
Q

intigrins

A

transmembrane receptors that facilitate cell-cell adhesion
facilitates cellular interaction with ECM by binding fibronectin, laminin, collagen
links cell surface to the cytoskeleton (signal transduction)

28
Q

cadherins

A

faciliatates cell-cell adhesion between similar cell types
facilitates formation of cell junctions
liked to cytoskeleton through catenins to regulate cell motility, proliferation, differentiation

29
Q

proteoglycans

A

Repeating polymers of disaccharides (chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate) bound to a protein core
Forms an ECM scaffold for tissue structure and permeability

30
Q

hyaluronic acid

A

repeating polysaccharide molecule that binds water to form viscous hydrated gel

31
Q

hemostasis phase of wound healing

A

platelets aggregate and secrete inflammatory agents
serum fibrin/fibronectin form a plug at site of injury
platelets release thromboxane-> initial vasoconstriction followed by histamine-induced vasodilation, edema

32
Q

inflammatory phase of wound healing

A

early: neutorphils, Attracted by chemokines (fibronectin, PDGF, TGF-b, C5b, TNF)
intermediate: macrophages, secrete growth factors, cytokines, proteases
late: neutrophils and macrophages decline, fibroblasts are prominent

33
Q

proliferative phase of wound healing

A 
angiogenesis
formation of granulation tissue
fibroplasia (TGF-B)
epithelialization
wound contraction (myofibroblast differentiation induced by TGF-B)
34
Q

maturation phase of wound healing

A

degradation of collagen and ECM by matrix metalloproteinases-remodeling
replacement of HA with proteoglycans

35
Q

local factors affecting wound healing

A

type, size, location of wound; vascular supply, oxygen supply; infection; necrosis; foreign material; movement; radiation

36
Q

systemic factors affecting wound healing

A

circulatory compromise; nutritional status (protein, zinc, vitamin C, vitamin A-re-epithelialization, thiamine/ riboflavin); diabetes; obesity; hormones; chemotherapy

Pathology (7 decks)

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