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A Level Edexcel Geography > Regeneration EQ3 > Flashcards

Regeneration EQ3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is infrastructure invest so important for regeneration?

A

Investment is infrastructure are key in order to
- maintain growth (economic)
- improve accessibility to regenerated regions.

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2
Q

Why do national government play a key role in infrastructure development?

A

Infrastructure projects are both high cost and take a long time to complete meaning national government are needed to supply the funding

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3
Q

What’s is the definition of rebranding?

A

Rebranding is the attempt to change public perceptions of an urban or rural area, to represent areas as being more attractive. Often includes re- imagining

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4
Q

What is the definition of re-imaging?

A

Making a lace more attractive and desirable to invest, live in and visit.

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5
Q

What is meant by the term infrastructure?

A

The infrastructure of an area is the basic systems of a place
Economic > motorways, water and sewage facilities and telecommunications networks.
Social > public housing, hospitals and schools.

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6
Q

What are flagship regeneration projects?

A

Large, scale prestigious projects.
E.g. the Eden project in Cornwall

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7
Q

What is a private - public relationship?

A

This is when the private sector is used to design, build and maintain public sector assets funded by the nation government. (National government supplying the pump priming)

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8
Q

What are examples of infrastructure development?

A
  • High speed two (HS2)
  • airport development
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9
Q

What is HS2 and how may is regenerate areas?

A

HS2 is an regeneration effort through infrastructure investment in an aim to close the UK north south development gab by connecting poorer northern region to the economic core of England (London and the south east).
It’s key to the northern power house regeneration scheme

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10
Q

What is airport development and how does it help with regeneration?

A

Airport development such as the expansion of Heathrow airport to include a third runway. It’s mainly privately funded but some of the support infrastructure will be publicly funded.
There are many polarised views.

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11
Q

What affects the rate and type of development?

A
  • planning laws
  • house building targets
  • house affordability
  • permission for fracking
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12
Q

What are some of the UK planning policies that affect regeneration?

A
  • greenbelt land cannot be built on
  • conservation areas (national parks) have strict planning regulations
  • planning laws can be changed for schemes that are in national intrsst
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13
Q

What is pump priming?

A

Pump priming refers to the fund given by a government to kick start (initially fund) a regeneration scheme with the expectance of outside investment to help.

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14
Q

What are the factors affecting regeneration policies?

A
  • planning laws
  • planning for fracking
  • planning for housing needs
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15
Q

How do planning laws affect you and rate of regeneration?

A

Planning laws decide how land is used, it helps create places that people want to live in and work.
For developments to happen they need to be summited to the local government who decides wether it fits in with local plans’. If not they are rejected.

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16
Q

What is ‘planning gain’?

A

This is a tool used by planner whereby for a development to be accepted, there needs to be a benefit to the local community.
E.g. social housing being built as part of a new housing scheme paid by the developer.

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17
Q

How does planning laws have negative impacts on an area?

A
  • slow decision making in a place future may result in planning blight. (House prices may fall, land locals may not be able to maintain property’s and spiral of decline starts)
  • if a development is rejected the appeals made may be costly and time consuming.
  • national interest may override local interest (only an economic focus)
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18
Q

How does planning for fracking affect the type and rate of regeneration?

A

As the government see fracking as a national priority to increase energy supplies and create economic prosperity local interests may be overlooked this has resulted int he formation of anti-fracking pressure groups who may block or prevent fracking to happen slowing the rate of economic regeneration.

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19
Q

How does planning for housing needs affect the type and rate of regeneration?

A

The uk has a shortage of homes and very high house prices this has resulted in
- underinvestment
- shortfall of probate and rented accommodation
- hotspots of inflated housing areas (London and south east)
- planning restriction hindering developers
- social changes such as sink estates and increased pressure on housing markets

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20
Q

How have government policies on deregulation of capital markets impacted potential for growths and investments?

A

The deregulation of the financial markets in 1986 helped to make London into the Funchal hub in is today by encouraging investment, increasing competition and innovation.
Also by ending the stock exchanges monopoly and remainder entry barriers it encouraged European and US banks to open and invest in London resulting in banking, finance and business’s service to account for 30% of UK GDP.
C > the deregulation policy was added to by labour government and are argued to be responsible for the 2008 finically crisis and low economic growth

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21
Q

How has government policies on international migration impacted growth and investment?

A

Arguments for immigration is to increase GDP, extra taxes, to fill skill shortages in both high and low income sectors and reduce any ageing population.
National government policies have changed throughout the years but tend to focus of minimise abuse of the system by restricting emir visa to specific skill shortages and specialisms and being more selective about entry requirements. (Brian gain)

22
Q

What is the role of the local government in regeneration schemes?

A

Local government make planning decisions which help to identify
- areas for new housing
- new roads and other major infrastructure
- areas for commercial developments (factories, offices)
This all help to create an attractive business for skilled workers and investments.

23
Q

What is a science park?

A

Science parks are industrial and business parks focused in the quaternary industry and usually involve at least one university partner.
E.g, there are over 100 science worked in the UK owned by TNCs, universities and local councils (mostly London and south east)

24
Q

What is the main of aim of science parks?

A

The main aim of a science lark is to attract high value quaternary industry field such as ICT and pharmaceuticals in order to attract investors and skilled workers.

25
Q

Key point of the Cambridge Science park

A
  • built in 1970s
  • attracted foreign investment such as AstraZeneca
  • home of over 100 businesses
  • good transport links (trains, Stansted and M11)
  • linked with Cambridge university as they supply an educated workforce
26
Q

What is pump priming?

A

Using money from national and local governments to make an area more attractive to investors by improving derelict site and decontaminating grounds so private company’s choose to invest.

27
Q

What are the main local players?

A

Chambers of commerce > represent business and industry in a local area
Trade unions > represent workers over issues like pay and working conditions
Education > school help to proved skilled workers
Local groups > e.g, environmental groups pushing for local conservation
Local governments > planning, funding and decision making

28
Q

How can regeneration schemes led to conflict between local interest groups?

A

Conflicts within regeneration can occur when multiple players and stakeholders have opposing views on the type and sale of regeneration. Most likely to occur when
- changes to the physical fabric of an area (changing historical land marks and fracking) may led to conflict with environmental groups and locals who have emotional ties)
- the demographics of an area (studentification, gentrification)
E.g. conflict arose in the 2012 Olympic games

29
Q

Why were there tension created by the 2012 Olympic Games?

A
  • 430 residents of a housing co-operation (community) forced to move to build the athletes village
  • serval small business evicted form the Olympic site (Forman’s salmon smokery)
30
Q

Why are the main regeneration strategies in an urban and rural strategies?

A
  • retail led plans
  • heritage tourism
  • sports and leisure led
    -public and private rural diversification
31
Q

How do retail led plans work in a regeneration scheme?

A

This is where local authorities decide in change to the use of buildings by influencing shops types and location of shopping centres creating destination areas of shopping (Bister village)
C > clown towns, rapid growth of internet shopping
e.g. Liverpool - 1

32
Q

What are heritage tourism led regeneration schemes?

A

This is the advising and improvement of historic sites and attraction to attract more tourism.
E.g. Titanic Quarter, Belfast (attracted over 3 million visitors since it opened)
C > normally seasonal and dependent on weather

33
Q

What is sports and leisure led regeneration schemes?

A

This is regeneration that is linked of major sporting events (London 2012, Stratford). The building or important infrastructure and media coverage advised the are on a international level. Infrastructure improves connections and accessibility as well as housing (athletes villages).

34
Q

How did the London 2012 Olympic helper to regenerate Stratford?

A

This sports led regeneration scheme involved
- the international quarter (office areas attracting business investment)
- ‘here east’ a digital and creative industry hub
- main stadium home to West Ham united (attracting fans for games ect)
- the Oueen Elizabeth park (attracted 4 million visitors since opening)
- 10,000 new homes, 2 primary schools etc

35
Q

What is arts and culture led regeneration?

A

Cultural led regeneration is in the background of many regeneration schemes it involves landmark culture buildings (art gallery’s’, international and national music festivals, city of culture (Liverpool 2008) and cultural quarters (Jewellery quarters, Birmingham)
In a rural setting this can involve the the use of famous book (Bronté country) and tourist trials based on popular programmes (heartbeat, North York Moors)

36
Q

What is public and private rural diversification?

A

Diversification involves using farms and land for secondary activities to gain a secondary income. e.g. Farm shops, air b&bs and paint balling.

37
Q

What are the different types of farm diversification?

A

Agriculture based > producing and selling speciality produce or farming unusual animals and farm shops
Non-agriculture > redundant farming buildings converted into offices, tea shoes, B and B and other forms of activity (paintball)
Environmental schemes > planning woodland and wind and solar farms

38
Q

What is the definition of re-branding?

A

Rebranding is changing the perceived image of a place to outsiders, as well as physically regenerating an area.

39
Q

Why is rebranding important in any regeneration effort?

A

Regeneration is important as successfully regenerated places need to be attractive for people to live, work and visit as well as making it more attractive to investors. It normally done by changing perceptions of an area.

40
Q

How is rebranding done through media?

A

Media is key in any rebranding strategy’s it helps
- spread positive new stories and public relation during regeneration of an area
- advertising in newspapers and online
- use of slogans and logos to help project a certain image
E.g. Yorkshire’s food capital Malton ‘visit Malton’ as a logo

41
Q

How are deindustrialised areas rebranded?

A

Deindustrialised Uk cities are very hard to re brand due to the amounts of derelict lands, industry closure and job loss, rebranding includes
- turning industrial history into heritage assets (museums, art works)
- redeveloping warehouses and old industrial buildings into apartments, shops ect
- building modern apartments and hotels on previously industrial land
- using local art, artists and music to attract visitors

42
Q

How has the deindustrialised Liverpool be rebranded?

A

Heritage > turned derelict Albert docks into a maritime museum p, shops and apartments. 2004 achieved UNSECO world heritage site
Culture and arts > Tate Liverpool gallery 1988, capital of culture in 2008 leading to £4 bil investment in arts and infrastructure
Retail > regenerated city centre into Liverpool ONE £900 million
Technology > Liverpool knowledge quarter with a science park (2006) and life science centre (2013)

43
Q

What is the definition of a post production countryside?

A

Rural areas have suffered from a decline in primary production (farming and fishing), this has led to an economic restructuring with a shift towards low paid seasonal tourism.

44
Q

Why are rural areas hard to rebrand?

A
  • relative isolation with lack of transport access
  • Peripheral locations
  • lack of accommodation and attractions
    This is why rural rebranding focuses on a narrow ‘brand’ to attract a particular type of people
45
Q

What are the main rural rebranding strategies?

A

Strategies like
- heritage and literacy associations
- farm diversification and specialised products
- outdoor pursuits and adventures
Are intended to make these places more attractive to national and international tourists and visitors.

46
Q

How are rural areas rebranded through heritage and literacy associations?

A

This involves using popular books and television to attract particular ‘fan bases’ who want to see these ‘famous’ things portrayed in books and tv in real life (famous houses and set locations). Also involve the use of historically important sites to attract tourism. (Castles)

47
Q

What is an example of rebranding by literacy association?

A

Brontë county > The Pennine Hills in West Yorkshire was the inspiration for the classic literacy of the Brontë sisters (Wuthering Heights). It is markets as the ‘Brontë country’ to attract visitors and revenue making it a hotspot for tourists. The high street of Haworth (birthplace) has been persevere from the 19th century in with cobbled high streets and small stone houses.

48
Q

How are rural areas rebranded through outdoor pursuits and adventure?

A

This involves advising walking routes, activities such as mountain biking and climbing ect. Attracting outdoorsy people all throughout the year.

49
Q

What is an example of using outdoor pursuits as a rural rebranding strategie?

A

Kielder Water and Forest Park :
Located in Northumberland and is one of England most remote village. The creation of Europe’s largest coniferous plantation and a 11km reservoir has
- attracts 345,000 visitors annually
- generates revenue for car parking and facilities on site
- home to the rare red squirrel

50
Q

What is the downsides of rural rebranding?

A
  • can be very seasonal and weather reliant
  • tend to be small scale (walks ect) so don’t bring much money into the rural economy

A Level Edexcel Geography (29 decks)

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