Regeneration EQ2 - Need for regeneration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is perception?

A

How people view/regard a place, a vital part of lived experience impacting how people engage with their place

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2
Q

How can ‘successful’ regions be perceived as self sustaining?

A

More people and investment are drawn to the opportunities created, both from inside the country and from other places

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3
Q

What are the qualities of successful regions?

A

Positives:
- high employment rates
- inward migration
- low levels of multiple deprivation
- investment attracted
Negatives:
- high/overheated property prices
- skills shortages
- congestion of roads and public transport

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4
Q

How is San Francisco a successful place, and what are the drawbacks?

A

1990s - became focus of California’s new ‘gold rush’, home to global internet businesses such as Dropbox and Twitter. Phenomenal job growth seen in STEM biotech, life sciences and digital media companies - multiplier effect (highly skilled workforce).
DRAWBACKS: ‘Google effect’ of gentrification causes discontent from some established but less affluent displaced locals

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5
Q

What is the intergenerational cycle?

A

Educational underachievement and poor health is passed from parents to their children.

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6
Q

What are the social consequences of inequality?

A
  • segregation of different socio-economic groups, property damage and violent crime
  • health issues
  • higher infant mortality and lowered life expectancy
  • status competition, driving less-affluent people into debt in an attempt to keep up with a peer group practising a higher level of consumerism
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7
Q

What are the qualities of unsuccessful regions due to economic restructuring?

A

Spiral of decline:
- increasing levels of social deprivation: health, education, crime, access to services and living environment

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8
Q

What is the Rust Belt?

A

The geographic region from New York through the Midwest that was once dominated by manufacturing, now characterised by declining industry and falling population

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9
Q

What are the impacts of the spiral of decline from the Rust Belt in Detroit?

A
  • population dropped by 50%
  • 100,000 abandoned homes and buildings
  • 2014 = 2nd highest murder rate of any US city
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10
Q

What are reinventor cities?

A

Cities that have changed their economic base successfully by encouraging IT and digital media, have higher wages, graduate workers, new businesses and productivity.

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11
Q

What are replicator cities?

A

Those that have replaced cotton mills with call centres and dock yards with distribution centres - therefore are less sustainable. They tend to have a higher share of workers with low qualifications and a working age population claiming benefits. Remain tied into their once powerful manufacturing industries

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12
Q

What are the 4 areas which demonstrate significant variations in social and economic inequalities, generating priority for regeneration?

A

Sink estates vs gated communities
Declining rural settlements vs commuter towns
Areas needing regeneration can be often found spatially very close to those which have no need for it at all. This is especially true in urban areas!!

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13
Q

What is a sink estate?

A

A housing estate characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially domestic violence, drugs and gangs.
E.g. the Barracks in Glasgow

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14
Q

What are gated communities?

A

Wealthy residential areas that are fenced off. They are landscapes of surveillance (CCTV and 24/7 security guards) found in urban and rural settlements as either individual buildings or groups of houses. Designed to deter access by unknown people and reduce crime

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15
Q

What are commuter villages?

A

Settlements that have a proportion of their population living in them but who commute out daily or weekly, usually to larger settlements either nearby or further afield

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16
Q

What are declining rural settlements?

A

Rural areas that have experienced out migration (to urban areas) and therefore a decline of services etc - rural spiral of decline

17
Q

What is one of the key issues of commuter villages?

A

May need fewer services since commuters may not demand local shops/schools. This makes locals dependent on low-paid agriculture vulnerable.

18
Q

How can levels of engagement be measured?

A
  1. by local and national election turnout
  2. development and support for local community groups
19
Q

Why does support for local community groups vary across the country?

A

Depends on local willingness to participate and the main aim of the group

20
Q

What 2 key factors affect a person’s sense of place, lived experience and level of engagement?

A
  • membership: a feeling of belonging, familiarity and being accepted
  • influence: a sense of playing a part in a place, and hence caring about it
21
Q

What is lived experience?

A

The actual experience of living in a particular place or environment. This can have a major influence on people’s perceptions and values, as well as general development and outlook on the world.

22
Q

What factors affect levels of engagement?

A
  • age (e.g. 80% of people aged over 65 voted, compared to only 40% of people aged 18-24 in 2015 UK general election)
  • ethnicity (only 55% of ethnic minority groups chose to vote)
  • gender
  • length of residence
  • levels of deprivation
23
Q

What factors explain variation in political engagement?

A
  • language barriers
  • lack of trust in politicians
  • feeling of little influence
  • lacking of belonging (isolated feeling)
24
Q

Why might people and groups be socially marginalised or push out to the edges by dominant core culture?

A

Due to language, religion, customs or especially by wealth

25
Q

How are rural and urban places interdependent?

A

Rural areas depend on towns and cities for many key services: healthcare, education, leisure - sometimes also employment
Urban areas: rely on countryside for food and non food products, and value landscape/environment for leisure and recreation

26
Q

What are some of the main causes of conflicts between contrasting groups in communities (with different views about priorities and strategies for regeneration)?

A
  • lack of political engagement and representation
  • ethnic tensions
  • inequality
  • a lack of economic opportunity
27
Q

What is studentification?

A

The process by which specific neighbourhoods become dominated by student residential occupation, describing the growth of high concentration of students within the localities of Higher Education Institutions

28
Q

What are the positives and negatives of studentification?

A

Positives: increase levels of spending in the local economy, improve opportunities for companies etc
Negatives: low level anti social behaviour, vandalism, students unbothered by upkeep of property - upsetting locals, lack of community spirit forces families away, transient occupation, can cause local conflict

29
Q

What are the economic criteria that evaluate the need for regeneration?

A

Types of employment, unemployment, business rates, property value

30
Q

What are the social criteria that evaluate the need for regeneration?

A

Ethnicity, access to healthcare and education, educational achievement, community facilities

31
Q

What are the environmental criteria that evaluate the need for regeneration?

A

Derelict land, closed shops, boarded-up buildings, graffiti, lack of green space, transport provision, pollution

32
Q

What statistical evidence can be used to determine the need for regeneration?

A

ONS census
Neighbourhood statistics websites
GIS systems

33
Q

How can different media provide contrasting evidence to question the need for regeneration?

A

Data may be manipulated to give different ‘spins’ on any evidence.

34
Q

How do different representations of a place influence the perceived need for regeneration?

A

Different sources influence people’s perception about places and whether they need regeneration: e.g. newspapers, documentaries, YouTube clips, local blogs, estate agents, local authorities