Regeneration case studies Flashcards
1
Q
need for regeneration in Liverpool
A
- During the 18th and 19th centuries, Liverpool was a huge port and therefore was badly affected by the industrial decline of the 20th century which led to deprivation in this area
- this was further coupled by high levels of crime such as vandalism and social issues in the 1980s such as the Toxteth Riots of 1981 creating an antisocial communities
- environmental contamination following industrial nature of Liverpool
2
Q
economic successes of Liverpool
A
- UNESCO world heritage site reflecting its historic importance as a trading site. This promotes the area on an international scale and global tourism (9% increase in overnight stays is implicit of visitors coming from greater distances)
- The location of two premier league football teams has meant that the success of regeneration has been sustained as it guarantees the movement of people into the area throughout the year.
- Liverpool shopping centre and the paradise project has been one of the largest flagship projects with all £1 billion of funds being raised from the private sector and which has established over 160 stores such as Ralph Lauren. This increases tertiary employment and therefore tax revenue for social spending. It has also meant Liverpool can compete with other major cities like London and Manchester.
3
Q
economic drawbacks of Liverpool
A
- local businesses have faced increased competition from larger scale industry.
- chambers of commerce may thus argue that it has forced many smaller enterprises to shut down.
4
Q
social successes of Liverpool
A
- Liverpool university has created ample opportunities for younger generations, creating and educated and innovative population to facilitate the growing job market. This also means people are more qualified and hence can help to attract investment
- Culture has boomed and Liverpool is now a hotspot for visual arts, in particular that of the Beatles (e.g. the re-imaging of Liverpool airport to John Lennon Airport rather then the previous ‘Speake airport prior to 2002’ and establishments like Tate Liverpool). This association with pop culture has led to the clustering and agglomeration of media and communication industries.
- The leisure activities and past times of residents have improved. E.g. the Paradise project has not only provided shops and nightlife but also a day-to-day café culture. The location of premier league football teams also encourages physical activity in the area.
5
Q
Social Drawbacks of Liverpool
A
- However, the leisure/tourism dominated nature and partial studentification of Liverpool has meant that local services have begun to cater for a younger people, reducing benefits for the elderly. The elderly are also affected by gentrification.
- most of Liverpool’s wards fall in the 10% most deprived areas, creating large social inequalities. Further fuelled by a housing affordability crisis meaning many residents can no longer sustain a city lifestyle and so have had to relocate to cheaper wards.
6
Q
Environmental successes of Liverpool
A
- The regeneration has catalysed the revival of the built environment. For example, the previously derelict land in the Albert Dockland areas has not been preserved through its status as a World Heritage Site, preventing widespread urban decay.
- The preservation of the dockland area through UNESCO world heritage site means it cannot be developed on. This has helped to sustain aquatic ecosystems in the area and nearby water.
- pedestrianisation of the docklands has led to a cafe culture and a nice built environment for people to sit outside in.
7
Q
Environmental drawbacks of Liverpool
A
-The higher population density and improved accessibility has inevitably led to increased air pollution and noise. Despite these not being that noticeable for transient tourists, for the residents I believe this will have huge implications on their health and tranquillity
8
Q
specific stake holders in Liverpool’s regeneration
A
- stakeholders and developers such as urban splash and Liverpool vision have worked within the Ropewalks partnership to refurbish historical buildings as luxury settlements and establishing an active residential community
- government provided the £5 billion funds for the scheme but also the framework and ideas for local government to act on.
- UN were involved in declaring Liverpool docklands a UNESCO world heritage site
9
Q
why did Stratford need regeneration?
A
- Stratford in the lower Lea Valley lies in the north of London’s docklands, forming one of the most deprived communities nationally which was greatly affected by de-industrialisation.
- There was a lack of infrastructure and the environmental quality was poor. For example, the greenway was littered with rubbish and imperishable materials
- Stratford also had no real function, despite sustaining elements of trade and industry
10
Q
Key stakeholders involved in stratford’s regeneration
A
- Global influences from the Olympic Federation as they helped to coordinate the infrastructure built and allowing the event itself to locate here
- National government provides the funding for this scheme and also identified Stratford as a region that should host it in order to reap the benefits of such an event.
11
Q
economic successes of Stratford
A
- Was home to the 2012 Olympics attracting international and national tourism. Tourism has also been maintained post the Olympics through the creation of Westfield shopping centre and West Ham’s home ground.
- Stratford has emerged as East London’s tech hub which has attracted unicorn companies such as Google, Amazon and Facebook, leading to clustering and agglomeration. This incentivised BT to improve broadband (super fast fibre-optics) to facilitate the nature of these companies.
- Westfield shopping centre is a world-renowned retail centre that is said to generate £300 million annually. Despite this being a benefit in its own right, the economic sector of the area now lends itself towards tertiary (from retail and tourism) and quaternary (high tech) employment.
- 12 major laws and finance firms located here, number of professional increased by 11.3%
12
Q
environmental successes of Stratford
A
- Air pollution concerns have been eased through the creation of 6000 Boris Bikes and an increase in Direct train access. As a result, due to people averting from cars air pollution has decreased by 8.6%
- There was a lack of infrastructure and the environmental quality was poor. For example, the greenway was littered with rubbish and imperishable materials. The scheme has cleaned these areas up improving the informal perception of the area.
- the area set out many BAPs (biodiversity action plan) over a five-year period which provided detailed analyses of local wildlife with key habitats and species marked out for particular regions.
- cleaning the river helped to maintain aquatic ecosystems.
13
Q
environmental drawbacks of stratford
A
- The Manor Garden Society Allotments -MGS, which were situated right in the heart of the park) were transformed into a built environment, thus altering habitats and meaning there is less of a buffer for CO2
- Also, the increase in commuters and population in general has led to a greater CO2 emission
- previous industrial site contaminated by a vast amount of toxic radioactivity. Studies show that there wasn’t enough time to build on the site and do a full decontamination process so this stage was skipped
14
Q
social successes of Stratford
A
- By 2030, over 20,000 new homes have been built in the park, about a third of which are affordable.
- cultural enrichment as there has been a decrease in the number of white British people (34-17%).
- Increased accessibility of Stratford. For example, direct Tube stop through the ‘javelin’ railway. This has meant more people are commuting for job opportunities, improving innovation
- Focus on education through University of East London that specialises in sports has led to an active and educated population (6.2% more are qualified). This could also see a decline in outmigration of people as with education, locals can now alternate higher sector local employment shortages, so the threshold population is met more effectively and hence services are sustained.
15
Q
social drawbacks of Stratford
A
- increases accessibility has meant that under half of the job opportunities created are undertaken by locals. This has created quite a transient population and therefore less local engagement.
- more cultural diversity has meant 14% of crimes are shown to be gang related symbolising a lack of social integration and rather cultural clashes.
- created a legacy of unaffordable housing and does mean that approximately two thirds of housing aren’t occupied by local residents. This is due to gentrification and more affluent populations now dominating the area
- This Has led to social problems like homelessness. (e.g. in Newham between 2009 and 2014, it increased by 6.8 per 1000 households)
- studentifcation has led to more noise pollution at night and increase in drug and alcohol related crimes (123 increase from 2014-2015)
16
Q
Liverpool Stakeholder views
A
- The fact that a large proportion of the regeneration was retail led has led to the location of very well established, in some cases unicorn companies. In the short term this will be successful for local businesses due to increased tourism yet in the long term many are likely to go out of business.
- Government will regard the regeneration scheme as successful due to increases tax revenue and spending.
- Residents have been forced out of the city centre due to rising land prices. Because a large proportion of wards are in the 10% most deprived this may mean their QOL has deteriorated due to a focus on inner areas, neglecting residential regions.
