Regeneration Flashcards
1
Q
what is a statistic about Sheerwater working age benefit schemes and why it begs regeneration?
A
- they’re almost double for this areas compared to woking as a whole (15% vs 8%)
- This encourages regeneration as local economy is tasked with supporting larger proportion of population reducing money that can be invested into improving the area
2
Q
what are some statistics about general deprivation and accommodation in sheerwater compared to rest of woking?
A
- 24% vs 8% living in rented accommodation. This shows it is a hotspot for council housing creating a high dependency ratio on the government
- 61 out of 32,000 most deprived in whole country. this needs regeneration as its national ranking is low drawing greater amounts of attention to it
3
Q
what are the negative representations of Sheerwater?
A
- strong ethnic problems as many asian families feel they are targets or burglaries and petty theft
- fear of crime and ‘drug gangs’ has blighted the area
- woking council has urged people to be more vigilant
- negative informal perception meaning people are less likely to engage in community as there is less friendly environment
- it also puts people off who may have otherwise moved there by impacting their first impressions
4
Q
positive representations of sheerwater?
A
- social media stemming from community engagement in a facebook group
- gives the impression of a small close knit environment, natural beauty and support
- this implies they have a good lived experience and a high standard of QOL
- some say it is one of the least anti social places in woking
- yet local Internet forums may be biased towards the dominant writers and not represent the ‘silent majority’
5
Q
what do local people say about the need for regeneration in sheerwater?
A
- feel as though forced relocation isn’t fair and disrupts the community dynamic
- haven of activity and houses all they need scubas greenbelt land, social services and shops
- they therefore feel that due to small yet continual improvements significant changes are less necessary
6
Q
what do the local council think for regeneration in sheerwater?
A
- acknowledges that there is potential for conflict in the type of design as in order to create a masterplan it is essential to respond to the needs and aspirations of local people
- also minimal stand alone improvements of the years has fragmented the area and therefore widespread wholesale change is necessary to improve QOL
- adapting political patterns as trying to make a traditionally labour area conservative
7
Q
drawbacks of perceptions?
A
- local news tends to place emphasise on localised stand alone which may skew the overall perception of the whole ward
- yet local social media often elicits a good informal perception and whilst presenting the views of the select few involved does little for the ‘silent majority’
8
Q
what had been proposed for sheerwater?
A
- youth schemes and more green belt spaces have been proposed in order to increase the overall health of the area
- makes people more proud of it as they want to take care of it by not littering or vandalising the area
- lots of new housing schemes proposed to reduce rented accommodation and due to close proximity to London to emerge as a commuter town
9
Q
how is most change caused?
A
- GDP is likely to increase is industry does
- spatial growth with an increase in industry
- de-urbanisation and population if the industry closes down
- increased SOL and QOL if more people have better paid jobs due to more industry
10
Q
how have employment sectors changed?
A
- primary and secondary have declined
- tertiary quaternary and quinary have increased
- tertiary has increased at the fastest rate
- there is more part time work and temporary contracts
11
Q
what impact does employment have on life expectancy?
A
- in places of higher employment life expectancy tends to be higher
- greater tax revenue so more spending into local services
- can afford private healthcare
- lifestyle, education and culture holds and influence
- lower standard of living so increase likelihood of sub standard living like mould on the wall
12
Q
what is the Glasgow effect?
A
link between health and deprivation on life expectancy
13
Q
what is a food desert?
A
when inner cities lack choices for food (e.g. often takeaway and cheap processed food) so negatively impacts health, lowering the life expectancy
14
Q
how does employment differ between the north and south?
A
- higher rates of unemployment in the north of England than the south
- type of employment also differs
15
Q
what is a location quotient?
A
- equal/less than one -matches the proportion of national employment
- higher than 1 - more industry is located and a substantially higher level of employment compared to the national average
16
Q
why has there been an increase in self employment?
A
- conservative government often prefers private companies as there’s less tax and start up costs
- temporary contracts put in place at peak times for businesses to maximise profits
- no obligation to pay during sick pay
17
Q
QOL defintion
A
the level of social and economic wellbeing experienced by individuals or commuters measured by various indicators including health, happiness, educational achievement, income, leisure and time
18
Q
what is a function?
A
the role a place plays for its community and surroundings
-these can grow and change
19
Q
what the the historical classes of functions?
A
- banks, department stores and doctors surgeries are classed as high order functions and are located in larger settlements
- grocery stores, post boxes and pubs are classed a slow order functions and tend to be found in smaller villages
- this is changing rapidly because of internet and broadband services
20
Q
what are administrative areas?
A
usually large cities that organise economic activity in surroundings areas
21
Q
what are stereotypical demographics of urban areas?
A
- higher elderly populations meaning a larger dependency ratio
- lower unemployment rates than in urban areas
- jobs tend to be of a lower sector yet this is changing as managerial/directional occupations are increasing with improved technology and investment
22
Q
what is gentrification?
A
the change of the social structure of a place when affluent people move there.
-planners develop an area to attract people of a higher social status and income
23
Q
what is studentification?
A
- changes caused to a place by a transient population of students
- their absence during holidays and anti social behaviour can cause conflict with residents if they’re outnumbered
- therefore the government wants to regenerate these areas by capping the number of hours in multiple occupation (e.g. students)
24
Q
how are physical factors and accessibility reasons for functional change?
A
- proximity to large cities and core economic zones
- attractive environment can attract investment
- infrastructure
- connectivity for businesses to other economies
25
how are development and historical factors. reason for functional change?
- post production era ending can and certain economic sectors like primary
- land value increases towards the CBD due to competition between businesses
- increase leisure due to affluence and tourism
26
how does local and government planning provide a reason for functional change?
- plan led to relieve to systems to relieve population pressure on cities and core regions
- large schemes require an environmental impacts assessment (EIA)
27
what is bad about low density sprawl?
- isolates people and doesn't allow the interaction of cities
- mixed use environments benefit more people
- yet reducing sprawl reduces passenger vehicle pollution and health issues associated with this
28
what is bad about high density sprawl?
- again isolates people but rather in super blocks and creates smog
- this has health implications each super block has no side walks or ground floor shops leading to a gentle environment
29
how do employment trends help us to measure changes in function?
reduction in employment suggests a decrease in typical function. foe example as industry relocated abroad perhaps due to the global shift secondary employment trends decreased
- this also changes the demographics as unemployment decreased and therefor might have over away
- increased employment can lead to a transient population a they have more money to travel and do touristy things
30
how do demographic changes help us to measure changes in function?
- studentification can cause demographic changes due to a transient population
- this usually means the function of an area changes due to the construction of a university
- gentrification causes demographic change. as for example as more affluent people move there there is often higher sector employment so the function changes
31
how can functional change alter land use?
- former industrial areas are regenerated and rebranded into commercial and retail areas
- this can change the demographic as younger people would be more attracted to the area
32
how does functional change affect levels of deprivation?
- industrial relocation can increase unemployment causing young or affluent people to move out of an area reducing government spending in that area and local tax revenue
- this can reduce quality of services which can lead to negative multiplier effects and deprivation
33
what is a formal perception of a place?
how a place is represented according to the statistics or figures available
34
what is an informal perception of a place?
- how the place is viewed by the people who live there or the media
- based off feelings and not hard evidence
35
how can your lived experience impact your perception?
it impacts how attached you are to it
| -this can impact your levels of engagement and therefore your perception
36
what is the difference between redeveloping and regenerating?
- redevelop is to knock down and rebuild
| - regenerate is to take what you already have and adapt and improve it
37
why is San Francisco socially successful?
-cultural enrichment due to being close to the Mexican border meaning larger Mexican population can alternate labour shortages
38
why is San Francisco environmentally successful?
- good weather which boosts the morale of workers due to vitamin D and outdoor lifestyle
- located on a bay region so is accessible
39
why is San Francisco economically successful?
- ex navy base located there which sparked myrdle's model of cumulative causation
- stanford university attracts a highly qualified workforce which can spark high risk innovation
- agglomeration and clustering of high tech industries has meant it has emerged as a hot spot. unicorn companies have located here
40
drawbacks of San Francisco's economic growth
- large social inequality with house ownership bring out of reach for many. this is because investment means land is more competitive
- simmering underbelly of resentment towards high tech industries leading to sisal conflict
- vast inequalities of wealth due to close to Mexican border (unskilled workers) but also skilled workers due to university
41
what is a negative multiplier effect?
a downward cycle where economic conditions produce less spending and less incentive for business to invest, reducing opportunities
42
what is a psychological NME in Redcar?
- increased unemployment meant many workers lost the family legacy that had been associated with the steel works for generations as well as morale because they were now unemployed
- because of this loss of ambition many lost regime and structure in their life, perhaps forcing some into depression increasing their reliance on medical prescriptions.
- this not only drains healthcare funds but also reduces the confidence of future investors when looking at an areas as they appear to lack motivation and reliability
43
what is an economic NME in Redcar?
- increase in unemployment meant less tax was payed to the local government reducing their ability to partake in social spending and investing into services
- led to a decline in the quality of facilities like education, reducing the qualifications standing of many in the area (4.3% have zero qualifications- twice the national average)
- discouraged investment as workers are less skilled and so less capable of performing higher sector work
44
why has Redcar's environment contributed to its deprivation?
- located at a costal region yet due to the harsh weather conditions of such an area its costal access has been somewhat of a detriment
- UK is an island so is rich in beaches and costal havens, meaning the most popular seaside resorts are often clustered in warmer area like the south coast
- informal perception of the region doesn't attract tourism and migration, often leading to a shortage of people in the area to facilitate labour, deterring investment
- lack of labour exacerbated by closing of steelworks as led to the depopulation of whole families who moved in search of work.
- led to a decrease in localised spending meaning shops were forced to close down as they were no longer economically viable and the threshold population wasn't met
- increased amount of abandoned property perhaps spurring crime in the form of vandalism and graffiti
- long lasting environmental contamination from the steelworks
45
how can poor government initiatives be attributed to Redcar's lack of success?
- despite earning a £75 million grant from the European Development Fund, a vast proportion of this was spent on a 'vertical pier' which has fallen short of its expectations in terms of the levels of tourism it was set to create
- achieved a form of temporary economic success through international investment but this wasn't sustained due to poor management.
46
background information about Redcar
- terraced housing for workers in 1960s
- lots of vacant businesses which don't have investors reducing employment and localised spending
- over 2000 lost their jobs to the steelworks getting shut down
- contaminated the ground as had been there fore so long. this will cost billions and time to take apart.
- the old infrastructure for the steelworks has also been used by travellers as shelter increasing crime
47
why are there priorities for regeneration?
- there are priorities due to significant variation in both economic and social inequalities
- it shows the different stages planners might go through before establishing whether to pursue regeneration
48
what are gated communities and how are they a priority foe regeneration?
- wealthy residential areas that are gated off and have security entrance systems
- leads to social segregation increasing the gap between the rich and the poor
- within the community it can limit crime and creates a good environment as money is invested into it to keep it well kept improving the informal perception
- outside the community can also be a focus point for crime as it gives the impression of wealth. it can also create resentment.
49
what are commuter villages and why are they a priority for regeneration?
- dormant settlements during the day due to decreased spending
- transient population creates less of a sense of community as they have less attachment so less engagement
- yet commuters tend to be quite affluent perhaps leading to a form of gentrification
- yet environmental concerns as you are building greenbelt land and there is increased pollution from commuting
50
what are declining rural settlements and why are they a priority foe regeneration?
- regeneration can increase two way flow and interdependence
- tend to be small establishments and so the benefits associated with regeneration are much smaller in comparison to urban projects. also if there's no industry it may be wasted
51
what are sink estates and why are they a priority for regeneration?
- high levels of deprivation within the area
- poor informal perception which is bad for politics
- limited aspirations of the population so investment into the area may be wasted
- regeneration can lead to increased house prices and an affordability crisis
- sink estates also tend to have a transient population reducing attachment and hence care/concern for the area
52
what is clustering?
- clustering is the same industry setting up in an area
| - e.g. apple, Nokia and Samsung
53
what is agglomeration
- likewise industries which can provide a related service to that industry
- e.g. tyre company near car manufacturing industry
54
what did Paul Cloke propose?
- index or rurality
- extreme rural - intermediate rural - intermediate non-rural- extreme non rural
- (first two are declining, the latter growing)
55
rural depopulation
the absolute decline of population living in a rural area
56
rural-urban migration
the permanent change of residence of an individual, family or group of people from an area classified as rural to one classified as urban
57
reason for decline in MEDCs
- mechanism has led to a loss of farm employment
- limited opportunities for employment in rural areas
- downward spiral in rural areas as threshold population isn't maintained
- closure of coal mines due to global shift
- bright light syndrome
- poor communication links
58
reasons for decline in LEDCs
- better employment opportunities in cities
- competition for resources (farmland and water)
- lack of education often leading to selective education of children (boys)
- lack of healthcare
- political corruption of corruption
- e.g. in Zimbabwe being a former British colony and took land through force, rape and murder (land grabs) meaning when he came to power went from one of the most developed African countries to one of the least
59
negative multiplier for rural decline -mechanisation, public transport, higher aspirations
- reduces the amount of jobs available meaning people migrate in search of work
- poor public transport means that the area isn't accessible for industry leading to a lack of investment but also an inability for people to commute leading to permanent migration
- higher aspirations for young people can increase motivation to work hard at school, brain drain of qualified workers but also exaggerates bright light syndrome as urban life is more in reach
60
lived experience
the experiences that different people have in their lifetime. it depends of family situation, culture, education, living spaces and personal interests. This will affect there perception and opinions on a place and its situations
61
attachment to place
how positive someone feels about a place, determined by their lived experiences
62
levels of engagement
how much people participate in their community (local or national). This will be affected by their lived experiences.
63
at what age does engagement often peak?
- Middle Ages (35-44). This is often because they have children and therefore there's a desire to make it safe and secure. they also have a desire to appear as ell rounded citizens in order to be role models for their children
- it find its lowest score in 20-24 often because many are at uni and so forma transient population spending less time in the area having a lower attachment. also youth naivety often turns to cynical views at this point meaning the become more self-centered
64
why do villages have higher levels of engagement
- smaller villages means its easier to orchestrated involvement
- tend to have less to offer do increased dependency on services and therefore desire to retain this
- often house retired couples who are more attached as are more settled but don't work so spent more time in the area
65
factors affecting engagement (size of settlement, gender, proportion of second homes in rural areas)
- smaller settlement tends to have a greater sense of community spirit
- more women get involved in community based politics as more tend to be part time or abstain from working all together
- if people don't live there so less people who have a real interest in local issues
66
factors affecting engagement (ethnicity and length of residence, age)
- ethnicity as people may not feel as much belonging affecting engagement, although some ethnic communities have higher engagement in voting if faced by prejudice of exploitation
- an older pop tend to have more time to consider getting involved in activities or to devote to decisions on elections
67
factors affecting engagement (key community leaders, deprivation, type of issue that needs to be addressed)
- leaders can orchestrate the movement and keep people informed
- poorer areas are often politically excluded possibly due to a lack of education or feelings of helplessness or apathy
- the problem that needs addressing and how it is presented in the media means that if it something where people feel strongly like identity they will be more likely to participate, esp is media coverages high (e.g. in 2014 the vote for Scottish independence attracted an 84.5% turn out)
68
Aliano - economic activity
- little economic activity, mainly since its town is a very sparsely populated town of 1,150, many of whom are in retirement
- size of the town is a mere 96km2 meaning it doesn't tend to offer a large tourist attraction, but is more of a family village
- poor transport links (three hours to travel 60Km to the nearest large town) this means that if certain roads were destroyed due to natural hazards it would be completely wiped out and isolated
- GDP of roughly 25,000
69
Aliano - inequalities in the area
- generally quite poor as people are either retired or working as poorer lower skilled farm workers
- faces a major brain drain as young people don't wanna grow up and be farmers and therefore if they are smart enough they often migrate away to a larger city which offers more opportunities
70
Aliano - how have function changed overtime
- mainly be farming throughout the years and this hasn't changed but the type of farming has. e.g. due to poor quality of land, farming of foods like olives has become increasingly difficult
- drought hit Aliano meaning the traditional crop of olives was wiped out. due to the ageing population it would be extremely hard for complete commitment to the hard labour needed to re-plant all the destroyed crops
- the focus of farming has shifted to guinea pigs instead as they not affected by climate and are easier to farm
71
aliano - demographic change and identity
- loss of population due to a lack of commitment to continue the farming of their parents, lack of opportunity and poor quality land
- higher percentage of young people from the south than their peers in the north now complete a university education
- professional employment is rare in Southern cities so many of the southern's most promising educates more north to industrial cities like Milan
- has its own dialect 'alianese' and pop keep many old traditions (during the carnival many men dress in paper mâché masks and take part in a parade)
- stereotypically has an old and poor identity. this leads to conflict as young generations want regeneration but older want to retain traditions
72
aliano - infleunces
- no national or global influences due to its small size and low income sectors, meaning resources and investment may be wasted
- few regional influences as is considered a family town reducing the need for migration and tourism
73
aliano -media
-national media has little acknowledgement of the area but local media admits a need for regeneration but finding a middle ground as desire to preserve tradition
74
St ives Cambridge - location and what has attracted people there
- 65 miles north of London with regular train access to cities. Lies on the A14
- attraction due to affordable housing, quick journey times, electrified rail, high car ownership, clean environment
75
St Ives Cambridge - evidence for change
- population structure has changed from once ageing to more young people
- large proportion are commuters (25% to London)
76
St Ives Cambridge - effects of change
- new housing developments (e.g. the spires)
- higher income compared to other areas nationally
- more people can afford the rising cost of property
- correct policy that any further developments must make a positive contribution to the overall character of the area.
77
role of local government in regeneration
- consulting local residents in order to satisfy their needs and aspirations
- analyse local demographics to provide an insight into what needs regenerating
- analyse which wards are in greatest need of regeneration
- decide the focus of enterprise zones etc
78
what are the different ways in which the need for regeneration can be identified
- local media can reflect the informal perceptions of an area. yet this can often be skewed to elicit certain information and to reflect the views of the dominant writers. this can do little for the silent majority and the area as a whole
- local demographics can reflect the formal perception and a variety of quantity factors. these can be clearer and provide a more visible reason for change
79
what is HS2?
- a solution to connecting the north and south as it is meant to go through major cities such as Leeds and Birmingham
- high speed railway service
80
benefits of HS2
- northern cities feels as though it will make it easier to do business on a national scale helping to attract talent from all over the country. can also stimulate productivity as can utilise innovation from across all of the country rather than relying on the previously localised district.
- helps to make the north more accessible establishing better connectivity whereby 2/3 of pop will be within a two hour commute of London
- creates 16,000 jobs combating unemployment but also meaning government can generate a greater tax revenue
81
drawbacks of HS2
- goes through previously established settlements meaning gov has to compulsory purchase land leasing to the forced relocation of many. discontent due to people's attachment but also disrupts social stratification
- this may mean further methods may be essential to regenerate socially in the short term
- creation of northern commuter ghost town whereby people stay there overnight but spend no real time there, creating a transient population. this may mean the threshold population isn't met leading to a lack of investment
- goes through SSSI's which are home to endangered species of flare and fauna. for example, the Chiltens which is made of chalk rock making the underlying geology difficult to build on posing economic issues.
82
what is fracking and how is the UK affected by it?
- drilling into the earth and using high pressure water to break rocks and release shale gas
- UK forced to import 70% of its gas by 2020 so gov loosened regulations to allow fracking
83
how does the development of fracking positively affect regeneration?
- getting shale gas can double the amount of energy available to the world
- provides jobs (since 2008 Marcellus shale has provided tens of thousands of jobs due to fracking)
- countries like the USA reduce their dependence on foreign energy imports
- fracking allows drilling firms to access difficult to reach resources of oil and gas
- less polluting compared to other fossil fuels
84
how does development of fracking negatively affect regeneration?
- creates serious leaks of methane that can damage the environment
- uses large amounts of water that is wasted once the process is over
- can lead to further drilling into oil wells that only continues the use of more polluting fossil fuels
- large amounts of chemicals are used which can leak into the drinking water poisoning people
- can cause minor earthquakes
- this may increase the need for regeneration to restores the environment after this process
85
how do developments in house building targets affect economic regeneration?
- if house building targets are lower, then availability decreases for the threshold population, often driving prices up
- this can lead to things like depopulation
- if targets are higher then house prices increase, increasing overseas investment as buying property becomes a safe investment in certain areas like London due to competition
86
what are the benefits of regional airports?
- facilitate an increasing lack of space in major airports like Heathrow. They are often less busy and so run more efficiently
- more conveniente for northern passengers as they can commute to airports quicker. this may increase the popularity of flying as it is seen as less of a hassle, spurring growth of these airports
- increased accessibility of the north as means FDI and industry can locate here and do business from here
- despite cumulatively a similar level of employment being reached as in major airports like Heathrow, it is read across a wider geographical area, reducing regional disparities
- yet direct regional long haul flights can be slightly more expensive for an individual
87
how can the deregulation capital markets affect growth and investment?
- removal of laws males it easier for foreign companies to locate (e.g. lower co-operation tax). this increases employment and therefore more tax is paid by not only the business itself but also workers, proving more money to spur further growth
- can lead to the investment into existing infrastructure. this can lead to gentrification and a more affluent population. renting property means more caporal gains tax but it can also act to drive prices up. for example the London Docklands were invested in by banks such as HSBC leading to canary warf as we know it
88
why do companies invest in the UK due to its policies on the deregulation of capital markets?
- London has specialists, turning over £95 billion in overall work)
- UK's common law legal system encourages companies to trade in London helping to keep taxes low allowing a greater amount of people to own property (e.g. in 2015 gov halved a proposed banking levy)
- this can reduce resentment towards these industries but also prevent international industrial relocation (e.g. when HSBC and other banks threatened to relocate to Asia due to former tight financial regulations)
- Hinkley point largest nuclear power plant was invested in by a Chinese Sovereign wealth fund.
89
drawbacks of TNCs and FDI
- leakages as profits go abroad reducing domestic benefits
- through renationalising UK services it means many start to be run for profit, reducing the overall quality of this service, begging for further methods of regeneration to combat this
- TNCs are good to a point but as they're footloose they can locate anywhere and so can begin to manipulate the government in place of threatening to move abroad. this can limit and influence UK regulations
90
what are conservative policies on immigration and the affect this had on regeneration
- establish control to end the free movement of people
- introduce a points based system which treats all migrants equally regardless of their origin
- EU citizens to wait five years before accessing benefits
- introduce start up visas to attract entrepreneurs (esp for doctors and nurses)
- regulations to make it easier for specialist workers to migrate can help alternate labour shortages making service run more effectively
- reducing free movement of people will reduce overpopulation and the rising house prices, reducing need for regeneration. yet may mean threshold pop isn't met in certain areas
91
what are labour's policies on immigration and the affect this has on regeneration
- protect the rights of 3 million EU citizens in the UK
- no fixed cap on net migration
- a system based on the needs of the economy and communities (e.g. a flexible work visa system)
- maintaining a high domestic pop may lead to a shortage of housing and services increasing need
- yet high levels of workers attracts FDI reducing the need for gov led regeneration.
- therefore these policies can be a method of catalysing regeneration through attracting a main vehicle to allow this to happen.
92
what are the Lib Dem's policies on immigration and the affect this has on regeneration
- create a two year visa for students to work after graduation. this can attract educated professionals giving confidence to investors
- resettle 10,000 refugee children which may place strain on services
- remove the minimum income requirements for spouse and partner visas. this encourage more couples to move rather than singles, reducing the quantity of independent housing needed
93
general points about immigration
- fine line and tipping point with immigration. for example, a lack of stipulation in the number of immigrants entering can mean that if a sustainable population is exceeded too great a strain is placed on services and housing
- fill jobs that are previously frowned upon by domestic workers
94
general states about immigration
- between 2004 and 2007, 10 new Eastern European countries joined the EU
- open door policy led to excessive migration into the UK
- large Indian population (largest foreign ethnic group in UK, follows by poles) as was a former British colony
- poles gave birth to 21,000 children n the UK in 2012 alone.
95
what are enterprise zones
- large geographical areas which offer a range incentives to attract overseas FDI.
- e.g. simplified local authority planning, super fast broadband, tax breaks
96
what role do enterprise zones have in regeneration
- driving forces for the local economy as they unlock key development sites, consolidating infrastructure and attracting businesses.
- increase employment in local area (19,000 across 24 UK sites) perhaps tackling the local skills gap of residents (e.g. Cambridge science park)
- can lead to clustering and established centres of excellence within regions
- government support for start up businesses
97
what is a science park
- They are industrial and business parks focussed on the quaternary industry and usually involve at least one university partner.
- There are over 100 science parks and business incubators (smaller sites, for start-up companies) in the UK, owned by TNCs, universities and local councils.
- most are in London, the South and South East
98
case study on Cambridge science park
- founded by trinity college in 1970 (oldest in UK)
- strong links with nearby uni providing the area with a highly educated workforce to attract investment
- has led to the clustering and agglomeration of technology and high tech companies (e.g. Philips). by 1999 there were 64 companies employing some 4000 people.
- in 2005, the Cambridge science park innovation centre opened and allowed early stage companies to grow and flourish
99
benefits of science parks
- usually have links with gentrification and counter urbanisation. this is due to more educated and thereof affluent pop, larger disposable income of reticent pool leading to more investment into the area
- educated workforce and type of industry means economic sector lends itself to higher industries meaning more tax paid, larger margin to invest into services catalysing regeneration
100
drawback of enterprise zones
- TNCs are footloose so will start to manipulate the economy by locating in the enterprise zones which offer the best incentives. this means scale of economic benefits reaped deteriorates so less money to invest in further regeneration
- local authorities tasked with securing the right type of investment to suit the local workforce. this creates an ultimatum as secondary manufacturing employs greater quantity of pope but pays less per person reducing unemployment, but quaternary despite employing fewer provides higher pay and so tax
101
interest/pressure group
- any associating of individuals or organisations, usually formally organised with shared concerns that attempt to influence public policy in its favour
- different interest groups often find conflict due to their varying priorities
102
chamber of commerce
represents local businesses
103
preservation society
responsible for lobbying to protect but also enhance the local environment
104
resident association
resident perspective that try to protect the community and local living area
-they often feel as though they lack control over the situation and aren't listened to
105
trade union
protection of workers form industrial workers to teachers.
-they will not only be concerned with the affect of employment by a certain scheme but also if the type of employment satisfies regulations and the local skills gap
106
two reasons why regeneration plans can sometimes lead to conflict between different interest groups
- jobs may be inaccessible to local people due to a lack of skills or education. e.g. if science parks were to located in the industrial north where the skilled workers often have migrated away in a bran drain
- this may mean employment doesn't benefit them and so income and opportunity see little improvements
- plans may not meet the specific needs of a local community
- e.g. increased regeneration may drive land prices up leading to a housing affordability crisis. this may force local people to relocate leading to demographic change and disruption the social stratification
107
rebranding
the combined process of regeneration and reimaging
108
why is rebranding needed?
- increasingly competitive market meaning you need to make your areas stand out
- even if the formal perception changes, if the informal perception remains the same then people aren't aware of the changes
- needs to attract personal investment (study or live) but also business investment to allows companies to set up there.
109
regeneration
- investment into the area usually into infrastructure or the environment (MMCC)
- this usually create jobs and leisure and shopping facilities to boost the economy
- this is urban renewal
110
re-imaging
you need to resell and advertise the area to change the impression that people and investors have of it
- this may be changing the name, getting a catchy slogan or bidding to get an award
- for example Hull was ranked the third most deprived areas in England, but has been labelled as the 2017 UK city of culture.
- the media used in re-imaging has to suit the cohort of people you're trying to attract (social media for young, leaflets for the elderly)
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what are some methods of diversification to rebrand the countryside
- farm diversification to involve the selling of specialised products
- 'foodie' restaurants to attract tourism
- outdoor pursuit and lifestyle
- gardens and scenic means (e.g. Lost gardens of Heligon that thrive due to Victorian ancestry and a mild climate)
- a range of different methods helps to attract a variety of people
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Bronte country small case study - location
- traditionally covers an area of West Yorkshire in N England
- bleakness and desolation blighted the area and is said to have inspired books like withering heights.
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Bronte country small case study - regeneration scheme
- 2 million pound project was invested into the area led by Bronte country partnership and Yorkshire tourist board.
- updated the identity of the area and attracting tourism was a key aim of regeneration
- economy moved towards tertiary industry swell as preserving the landscape
- the village of Saltaire is now a UNESCO world heritage site
- village of Haworth, the Bronte's birth place has preserved 19th century textile stone houses and cobble streets which attracts tourism
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what are the generic ways of measuring regeneration?
- improved economic performance
- demographic change (growth or loss of people)
- demographic characteristics as a more affluent pop can indicate gentrification but can also show if suited to the area
- IMD data and decrease in crime rate
- levels of engagement within a community and therefore attachment
- air quality improvements and increase in biodiversity can measure environmental success
- media can qualitatively show success
- range of sectors and or higher sectors
- decrease in child poverty and higher life expectancy to a range of good quality services
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why does regeneration usually improve people's local living environment?
- improved public transport can reduce congestion and air pollution
- transformation of brownfield site through landscaping can remove former industrial contamination as industrial ease is cleaned up reducing pollution levels
- more environmental furniture and improved aesthetics
- gentrification tends to lead to pedestrianisation and a cafe culture which removes cars and business from the roads
- crime rate likely to decrease esp of residents involved due to more affluence and attachment to the area
- more tax paid, improved services
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why might perceptions vary about the success of regeneration?
- vary based off the type of perception used over the same factor like employment
- formal perceptions as used by stakeholders like local gov will look at economic output and so seeing as most schemes increase employment this is likely to indicate success
- yet informal perceptions used by residents will look at the type of employment and is this suits local skill sets.
117
what was Donald trumps scheme for rural regeneration?
- wanted to create an exclusive and expensive luxury golf club in Menie on the east coast of Scotland
- the area had an established mobile zone system
- in Scotland regulations allow both private developers as well as local authorities to compulsory purchase land
- the area is also an SSSI, surrounded by many sand dunes which are cubical to plant succession and also act as. natural buffer for sea management .
- he used his force to intimidate people into moving (e.g. buildings mounds of earth around housing complexes and building access routes right on the fringe of people's property) many don't want move due to legacy of area.
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what role did local businesses and local gov have on trump's regeneration plans?
- local businesses benefit through increased footfall but doesn't deal with issues of seasonality like other methods might
- local gov say that rural diversification creates a larger economic base. they allowed trump to compulsory purchase land, negotiated the benefits of the enterprise zone and granted planning permission
- national gov was accused of turning their heads away form trumps misbehaviour
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what did development groups and residents say about trump's regeneration plans?
- preservation societies don't like that it disrupts biodiversity and the landscape
- residents don't like forced relocation, destruction of the environment and increased noise and air pollution
- they have small communities, an elderly pop and a family legacy increasing attachment . unlike in urban areas where there is a more transient population making regeneration more likely to be successful
120
drawbacks of trumps plans for regeneration?
- first two years lost 3.5 million in short fall
- only 66 worked there when DT predicted 800b
- little political or economic reward for his efforts
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economic ways of measuring regeneration
- employment
- tax paid to local government
- type of sector employment
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social ways of measuring regeneration
- IMD
- footfall for local businesses giving an indication of threshold pop and therefore people engagement and willingness to stay in the area
- engagement levels
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environmental ways of measuring regeneration
- local environmental quality
- congestion/ air pollution
- biodiversity and the number of endangered species sustained
- media to aesthetically assess the environment
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why might central nor local gov have the biggest role over regeneration?
- role of IGOs instead as must adhere to the policies of these organisations
- e.g. UK is a member of the EU which encourages an open door policy and the free movement of people. led to an influx in eastern European immigration. similar reason with India about colonies
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why might different media convey contrasting views regarding regeneration
- to fit their target audience. e.g. in the news it may be manipulated negatively to create a more exciting story and so to seal more copy
- e.g. in shearwater, prior to regeneration there were many negative Stories regarding the area such as burglary and crime. this may increase the likelihood of those who don't have a lived experience in the area and therefore lower attachment concluding greater need for regeneration
- whereas people who live in sheerwater are more likely to present a positive view due to high attachment
- they would not want the are to change and be regenerated due to a fear of rising house prices and potential relocation
- e.g. sheerwater community group posted about a high level of community spirit
