Regeneration Flashcards
what is a statistic about Sheerwater working age benefit schemes and why it begs regeneration?
- they’re almost double for this areas compared to woking as a whole (15% vs 8%)
- This encourages regeneration as local economy is tasked with supporting larger proportion of population reducing money that can be invested into improving the area
what are some statistics about general deprivation and accommodation in sheerwater compared to rest of woking?
- 24% vs 8% living in rented accommodation. This shows it is a hotspot for council housing creating a high dependency ratio on the government
- 61 out of 32,000 most deprived in whole country. this needs regeneration as its national ranking is low drawing greater amounts of attention to it
what are the negative representations of Sheerwater?
- strong ethnic problems as many asian families feel they are targets or burglaries and petty theft
- fear of crime and ‘drug gangs’ has blighted the area
- woking council has urged people to be more vigilant
- negative informal perception meaning people are less likely to engage in community as there is less friendly environment
- it also puts people off who may have otherwise moved there by impacting their first impressions
positive representations of sheerwater?
- social media stemming from community engagement in a facebook group
- gives the impression of a small close knit environment, natural beauty and support
- this implies they have a good lived experience and a high standard of QOL
- some say it is one of the least anti social places in woking
- yet local Internet forums may be biased towards the dominant writers and not represent the ‘silent majority’
what do local people say about the need for regeneration in sheerwater?
- feel as though forced relocation isn’t fair and disrupts the community dynamic
- haven of activity and houses all they need scubas greenbelt land, social services and shops
- they therefore feel that due to small yet continual improvements significant changes are less necessary
what do the local council think for regeneration in sheerwater?
- acknowledges that there is potential for conflict in the type of design as in order to create a masterplan it is essential to respond to the needs and aspirations of local people
- also minimal stand alone improvements of the years has fragmented the area and therefore widespread wholesale change is necessary to improve QOL
- adapting political patterns as trying to make a traditionally labour area conservative
drawbacks of perceptions?
- local news tends to place emphasise on localised stand alone which may skew the overall perception of the whole ward
- yet local social media often elicits a good informal perception and whilst presenting the views of the select few involved does little for the ‘silent majority’
what had been proposed for sheerwater?
- youth schemes and more green belt spaces have been proposed in order to increase the overall health of the area
- makes people more proud of it as they want to take care of it by not littering or vandalising the area
- lots of new housing schemes proposed to reduce rented accommodation and due to close proximity to London to emerge as a commuter town
how is most change caused?
- GDP is likely to increase is industry does
- spatial growth with an increase in industry
- de-urbanisation and population if the industry closes down
- increased SOL and QOL if more people have better paid jobs due to more industry
how have employment sectors changed?
- primary and secondary have declined
- tertiary quaternary and quinary have increased
- tertiary has increased at the fastest rate
- there is more part time work and temporary contracts
what impact does employment have on life expectancy?
- in places of higher employment life expectancy tends to be higher
- greater tax revenue so more spending into local services
- can afford private healthcare
- lifestyle, education and culture holds and influence
- lower standard of living so increase likelihood of sub standard living like mould on the wall
what is the Glasgow effect?
link between health and deprivation on life expectancy
what is a food desert?
when inner cities lack choices for food (e.g. often takeaway and cheap processed food) so negatively impacts health, lowering the life expectancy
how does employment differ between the north and south?
- higher rates of unemployment in the north of England than the south
- type of employment also differs
what is a location quotient?
- equal/less than one -matches the proportion of national employment
- higher than 1 - more industry is located and a substantially higher level of employment compared to the national average
why has there been an increase in self employment?
- conservative government often prefers private companies as there’s less tax and start up costs
- temporary contracts put in place at peak times for businesses to maximise profits
- no obligation to pay during sick pay
QOL defintion
the level of social and economic wellbeing experienced by individuals or commuters measured by various indicators including health, happiness, educational achievement, income, leisure and time
what is a function?
the role a place plays for its community and surroundings
-these can grow and change
what the the historical classes of functions?
- banks, department stores and doctors surgeries are classed as high order functions and are located in larger settlements
- grocery stores, post boxes and pubs are classed a slow order functions and tend to be found in smaller villages
- this is changing rapidly because of internet and broadband services
what are administrative areas?
usually large cities that organise economic activity in surroundings areas
what are stereotypical demographics of urban areas?
- higher elderly populations meaning a larger dependency ratio
- lower unemployment rates than in urban areas
- jobs tend to be of a lower sector yet this is changing as managerial/directional occupations are increasing with improved technology and investment
what is gentrification?
the change of the social structure of a place when affluent people move there.
-planners develop an area to attract people of a higher social status and income
what is studentification?
- changes caused to a place by a transient population of students
- their absence during holidays and anti social behaviour can cause conflict with residents if they’re outnumbered
- therefore the government wants to regenerate these areas by capping the number of hours in multiple occupation (e.g. students)
how are physical factors and accessibility reasons for functional change?
- proximity to large cities and core economic zones
- attractive environment can attract investment
- infrastructure
- connectivity for businesses to other economies
how are development and historical factors. reason for functional change?
- post production era ending can and certain economic sectors like primary
- land value increases towards the CBD due to competition between businesses
- increase leisure due to affluence and tourism
how does local and government planning provide a reason for functional change?
- plan led to relieve to systems to relieve population pressure on cities and core regions
- large schemes require an environmental impacts assessment (EIA)
what is bad about low density sprawl?
- isolates people and doesn’t allow the interaction of cities
- mixed use environments benefit more people
- yet reducing sprawl reduces passenger vehicle pollution and health issues associated with this
what is bad about high density sprawl?
- again isolates people but rather in super blocks and creates smog
- this has health implications each super block has no side walks or ground floor shops leading to a gentle environment
how do employment trends help us to measure changes in function?
reduction in employment suggests a decrease in typical function. foe example as industry relocated abroad perhaps due to the global shift secondary employment trends decreased
- this also changes the demographics as unemployment decreased and therefor might have over away
- increased employment can lead to a transient population a they have more money to travel and do touristy things
how do demographic changes help us to measure changes in function?
- studentification can cause demographic changes due to a transient population
- this usually means the function of an area changes due to the construction of a university
- gentrification causes demographic change. as for example as more affluent people move there there is often higher sector employment so the function changes
how can functional change alter land use?
- former industrial areas are regenerated and rebranded into commercial and retail areas
- this can change the demographic as younger people would be more attracted to the area
how does functional change affect levels of deprivation?
- industrial relocation can increase unemployment causing young or affluent people to move out of an area reducing government spending in that area and local tax revenue
- this can reduce quality of services which can lead to negative multiplier effects and deprivation
what is a formal perception of a place?
how a place is represented according to the statistics or figures available
what is an informal perception of a place?
- how the place is viewed by the people who live there or the media
- based off feelings and not hard evidence
how can your lived experience impact your perception?
it impacts how attached you are to it
-this can impact your levels of engagement and therefore your perception
what is the difference between redeveloping and regenerating?
- redevelop is to knock down and rebuild
- regenerate is to take what you already have and adapt and improve it
why is San Francisco socially successful?
-cultural enrichment due to being close to the Mexican border meaning larger Mexican population can alternate labour shortages
why is San Francisco environmentally successful?
- good weather which boosts the morale of workers due to vitamin D and outdoor lifestyle
- located on a bay region so is accessible
why is San Francisco economically successful?
- ex navy base located there which sparked myrdle’s model of cumulative causation
- stanford university attracts a highly qualified workforce which can spark high risk innovation
- agglomeration and clustering of high tech industries has meant it has emerged as a hot spot. unicorn companies have located here
drawbacks of San Francisco’s economic growth
- large social inequality with house ownership bring out of reach for many. this is because investment means land is more competitive
- simmering underbelly of resentment towards high tech industries leading to sisal conflict
- vast inequalities of wealth due to close to Mexican border (unskilled workers) but also skilled workers due to university
what is a negative multiplier effect?
a downward cycle where economic conditions produce less spending and less incentive for business to invest, reducing opportunities
what is a psychological NME in Redcar?
- increased unemployment meant many workers lost the family legacy that had been associated with the steel works for generations as well as morale because they were now unemployed
- because of this loss of ambition many lost regime and structure in their life, perhaps forcing some into depression increasing their reliance on medical prescriptions.
- this not only drains healthcare funds but also reduces the confidence of future investors when looking at an areas as they appear to lack motivation and reliability
what is an economic NME in Redcar?
- increase in unemployment meant less tax was payed to the local government reducing their ability to partake in social spending and investing into services
- led to a decline in the quality of facilities like education, reducing the qualifications standing of many in the area (4.3% have zero qualifications- twice the national average)
- discouraged investment as workers are less skilled and so less capable of performing higher sector work
why has Redcar’s environment contributed to its deprivation?
- located at a costal region yet due to the harsh weather conditions of such an area its costal access has been somewhat of a detriment
- UK is an island so is rich in beaches and costal havens, meaning the most popular seaside resorts are often clustered in warmer area like the south coast
- informal perception of the region doesn’t attract tourism and migration, often leading to a shortage of people in the area to facilitate labour, deterring investment
- lack of labour exacerbated by closing of steelworks as led to the depopulation of whole families who moved in search of work.
- led to a decrease in localised spending meaning shops were forced to close down as they were no longer economically viable and the threshold population wasn’t met
- increased amount of abandoned property perhaps spurring crime in the form of vandalism and graffiti
- long lasting environmental contamination from the steelworks
how can poor government initiatives be attributed to Redcar’s lack of success?
- despite earning a £75 million grant from the European Development Fund, a vast proportion of this was spent on a ‘vertical pier’ which has fallen short of its expectations in terms of the levels of tourism it was set to create
- achieved a form of temporary economic success through international investment but this wasn’t sustained due to poor management.
background information about Redcar
- terraced housing for workers in 1960s
- lots of vacant businesses which don’t have investors reducing employment and localised spending
- over 2000 lost their jobs to the steelworks getting shut down
- contaminated the ground as had been there fore so long. this will cost billions and time to take apart.
- the old infrastructure for the steelworks has also been used by travellers as shelter increasing crime
why are there priorities for regeneration?
- there are priorities due to significant variation in both economic and social inequalities
- it shows the different stages planners might go through before establishing whether to pursue regeneration
what are gated communities and how are they a priority foe regeneration?
- wealthy residential areas that are gated off and have security entrance systems
- leads to social segregation increasing the gap between the rich and the poor
- within the community it can limit crime and creates a good environment as money is invested into it to keep it well kept improving the informal perception
- outside the community can also be a focus point for crime as it gives the impression of wealth. it can also create resentment.
what are commuter villages and why are they a priority for regeneration?
- dormant settlements during the day due to decreased spending
- transient population creates less of a sense of community as they have less attachment so less engagement
- yet commuters tend to be quite affluent perhaps leading to a form of gentrification
- yet environmental concerns as you are building greenbelt land and there is increased pollution from commuting
what are declining rural settlements and why are they a priority foe regeneration?
- regeneration can increase two way flow and interdependence
- tend to be small establishments and so the benefits associated with regeneration are much smaller in comparison to urban projects. also if there’s no industry it may be wasted
