Regeneration Case Studies Flashcards
Local Place
Location= Newcastle Quayside
£27,000
0.3%primary 8% secondary
11% unemployed
15%= own home
life expectancy= 71.1
65% white
6% 65+
20% students
national influences= industrial revolution, regeneration
international influences= deindustrialisation (global shift), cultural diffusion (restaurants)
avg property price= £150,000
trade to industry (ship building) to leisure and administration (law courts)
Contrasting Place
Location: Keswick Lake District
£19,000
2% primary 14% secondary
3% unemployed
64%= own home
life expectancy 71.8
97.6%hite
30% 65+
national influences= lake district assigned as a national park, 2001 foot and mouth disease
international influences= world heritage site, themes of sustainability and low carbon economy
avg house prices= £340,000 (25% experience significant barriers to housing and services)
agriculture to mining (graphite for pencils) to tourism
Successful urban region
Location: Sydney
population= 5 million
1.5 million born overseas
250 languages spoken
overseas owned banks + TNCs= leasing financial centre of the Asia-Pacific region
income 7th highest of any city
ranks 10th for quality of life
ranks in top 15 expensive cities
young economically active workforce= median age 36
low levels of multiple deprivation
gated communities have grown
Declining urban region
Location: Detroit
decline began in 1970s
due to global shift auto companies, including Ford, moved elsewhere
declared bankruptcy in 2014
in 2010 25% drop in population from previous decade
some of the highest crime rate in the US
median household income lower than national average at $32,000
Declining rural region
Location: Beattyville
in “coal country”
the coal industries decline has led to problems
one of USAs poorest towns
population of 1270 live mainly in trailer homes
median household income= $12000
half of its families live below poverty line
only 5% have college degrees
in 2013 drug overdoses accounted for 56% of accidental deaths
life expectancy 8 years below national for men= 68.3
Community Engagement
Location: Grampound
in 2008 named 2n best community in UK
in 2014 community opened its own local shop 257/280 households became shareholders
low numbers of secondary home owners
county councillor lives in village= more engagement with politics (63% turn out in Parish Council election compared to 30%avg nationally)
older than average population
96.1% are British
52% are female
Community conflict
Location: Tottenham
riots in the 1980s
conflict between the black community and the police
mayor of London invested £28million in Tottenham
500 new jobs created
National (UK) government regeneration: Transport
HS2:
national
between London and other regions:
phase one links London to Birmingham
phase two links Manchester to Leeds
road congestion cost the UK 22 billion each year
HS2 provides:
60000 construction jobs
overall economic benefits= 13.3bn
HS2 cost= 50bn
Airports:
10% increase in air connectivity= 0.5% increase in GDP
UK government to designate regional airports as free ports following Brexit= could create over 86,000 jobs for Northern communities/ spur investment and growth for the whole of UK
will help to address regional imbalance for economic growth and make regional airports attractive places to visit
Heathrow airport expansion:
-£20billion cost
-create 70,000jobs
National (UK) government regeneration: Deregulation
national government has been deregulating markets since 1970
Resulted in:
-banking, finance and business services contributing 30% of UKs GDP= some of which has been used in regeneration projects i.e Canary Wharf into London Financial Centre
National (UK) government regeneration: International migration
opening UKs orders to migration
in 2008 8 eastern countries joined the EU
more people from this countries migrated to UK- particularly Poles (2nd largest minority ethnicity in UK:
-Corby was a town with ageing/non skilled population
Rural rebranding
Location: Lake District
taste district=food festivals, farmers markets and fine dining
adventure capital= many farms have diversified to include some outdoor pursuits e.g Derwent Hill known as the adventure capital of the UK
literacy heritage= lake district has been home to many authors encourages tourists to visit the homes, villages or graves of some famous figures
Rural rebranding
Location: Giants Causeway
-UNESCO world heritage site since 1986
-£18million visitor centre opened in 2013
-access rd was updated into a bus route
-this transport provision changes the perspective as tourists perceive it to be safe despite the fact the landscape could be quite dangerous
-changes are important for the economy but locals are concerned yo ur oats are dominating and tuning the community as only stay seasonally
-this has created conflict
Urban rebranding
Location: Titanic Quarter
one of Europe’s largest water front developments
-Titanic was built here so includes the name and historic maritime landmarks to show its history
-Titanic Velfast visitor centre welcomed 1 million visitors in first year of opening, of which 70% were from outside the Northern Ireland
-since 2006 has attracted over 100nationak and international companies 6,000 jobs
- has become Europe’s largest film studios
-over 3milluon visitors to Titanic Belfast since it opened
-estimated that it generates 105 million in additional tourism
-Belfast metrooolitan college was built with 5,000 full time and 10,000 part time students
-soil remediation was carried out after pollution
-plan was for 5,000 affordable homes to be built but only 474 luxury apartments have been built
-
Local government regeneration: Science Parks
Location: Cambridge Science Park
in 1964 labour urged UK universities to expand their contact with industry
planning permission granted in 1971
first company moved in 1973 (Laser-scan)
by the 1990s cluster of hi-tech companies in Cambridge grew to 1200 employing around 35,000
in 2005 Cambridge science park innovation centre opened and construction of additional buildings is underway including planning granted for a hotel
Local government urban regeneration: Olympic Park
Location: Olympic Park London
following the Olympics of 2012
-Olympic park was sited on a former industrial state that had 207 local businesses employing 5000 whom were compensated to move
-Olympic village has been converted 2800 flats and apartments
the international quarter will be a mixed-use development 7000 additional homes
extensive walking trails and sport facilities
organisations have opened offices in the park which would create 25,000 jobs
lowered unemployment from 13 in 2012 to 9 per cent in 2015
they are plans to open a museum and two universities
UCL and London College o Fashion intend to have offices here
-environmentally successful=rising numbers of species due to breeding boxes and nesting sites in wetlands
-socially unsuccessful=increased property prices plus 450 residents were relocated and promise to rehouse them was never honoured
-those earning £60,000 a year now qualify for the reduced 800 “affordable” homes now available
Local government rural regeneration
Location: Powys regeneration
opportunities for green tourism + expertise in renewable energy and develop low-carbon green economy around wind and water
Powys suffers from a skills shortage- lack of university places and qualifications and emphasis on agriculture and tourism= low income jobs
an aspect of the plan involves harnessing local talent and skills as well as volunteers: 26,000 volunteers contribute 173.6 million to their local economy
better investment in ICT has started installing tow broadband masts to address black spots in hopes that it will reverse out-migration of young people and business owners
The Green investment bank is making 1 billion pounds available for research and development including 200 million for low carbon technology and 860 to encourage renewable heat
also 30 million to improve energy efficiency in housing
Local government urban regeneration
Location: Aylesbury
demolished 1960s car park and construction of the £47million Waterside theatre and more recently Aylesbury campus of Bucks New University= first tertiary provider in town
Waitrose supermarket and restaurants such as Nandos
2.2% in footfall in 2013
proposed a controversial proposition of the demolishing of some of the towns most historic buildings
local council agreed to preserve some buildings and convert them into hotels and restaurants
Government decisions: Planning laws
in place to limit negative impact of regeneration on the social, economic and environment
goes through a cost-benefit analysis (recently changed the way they undertake this as favoured London and SE England)
national governments often focus on large scale projects (HS2)
Government decision: Housebuilding targets
due to rise of life expectancy and single-owner occupancy demand has risen= lack of housing supply
government has been under pressure to build new homes
national gov aim to build 300,000 new homes each year
local gov + residents may object to some building due to env damage
Government decisions: Housing affordability
while supply has not kept up prices have risen particularly in London/SE where demand is highest
part of the reason for transport infrastructure (HS2)= opens up affordable areas for commuters
government provide grants for affordable housing (Affordable Homes Programme) + help first time buyers (Help to Buy Scheme) + Shared Ownership scheme
Government decisions: Permission for fracking
decision to permit fracking are controversial
by 2020 England was forced to import 70% of gas
estimated 37million m3 of shale gas in North of England alone
national interest to invest
fracking creates conflict with local people: in 2011 drilling in Blackpool was suspended due to minor earthquakes
