Globalisation Case Studies Flashcards
Increasing globalisation: Technology
-Internet= created in 1983, now extremely important in fact 40% of population have access to it= led to rapid spread of news, knowledge and opinions
Increasing globalisation: Transport
-steam power in 1800s=Britain was leading the world in terms of this= flow of good + army
-1956containerisation= over 200million container movements every year= lower cost of transport good for both businesses and consumer= flow of goods
-jet aircraft= increasing competition between affordable airlines has led to more people being able to afford to travel= flow of people (travelling between countries as got faster over time)
-transport costs have also reduced eg containerisation
Switched on location: Open door policy
Location: China
-1978 open door policy
-7 SEZ s
-led to decrease in poverty of 400million people
Switched off locations: Physical factors (environment/location)
Example: Sahel Region
-lack of coastline= reduces FDI
-arid conditions and desertification
-terrorism
-geographically isolated
-not seen as viable markets
Switched off location: Politically
Example: North Korea
-deliberately chosen to stay switched off
-citizens have no access to internet or social media
TNCs spread globalisation: global production networks
-through outsourcing and offshoring Example:Jaguar Land Rover
-wanted to again better access to emerging markets such as India and China so invested into manufacturing sites. Established an assembly plant in India in 2011
Established a partnership with Chinese company to produce vehicles and engines for several models, building an assembly plant in Shanghai where production began in 2014
-global flows of capital as money moves from different countries to the headquarters
TNCs spread globalisation: Glocalisation
Example: McDonalds
-sell mcVeggie burgers in India because the majority of population is Hindu and vegetarian- particularly avoiding beef
-oreads culture as keeps the same branding and some of the same products
Example: BMW
-right hand cars for UK but left hand for Germany
TNCs spread globalisation: Development of new markets
Example: Apple (Iphone 5c)
-wanted to appeal to the South East Asian market particularly India and China with their large populations in competition with Huwawei
-developed a cheaper alternative product called the iphone 5c
Globalisation winners:
-Indonesian government= FDI, can also tax the workers =they generate more money for themselves, although it can also be reinvested into education and healthcare
-factories/ TNCs in Indonesia= can take advantage of cheap labour
-Developed locations such as London England= english first language, connected place
-Developed locations are benefitting the most due to= TNCs, FDI, better education which means they can go for higher paid jobs in the tertiary and quaternary sectors
Globalisation losers
People affected by deindustrialisation=
-Sunderland England
-used to work in coal mines, people lost their jobs due to the mine closures, increased unemployment rates= 9% of people in the area dont have a job
Indonesia:
-nike factory workers have to live in a slum= prone to many diseases= 8x8 cement box
-paid 1 dollar a day= need to work overtime in order to get by
-the environment is affected due to waste from factories into rivers etc
-landfill sites= cancer burning chemicals released into atmosphere due to the burning of the waist created
-hardly any workers rights, therefore they are able to be paid so little- also not allowed to join a work union (protect you as a worker)
Cultural erosion: Indigneous communities
Papua New Guinea:
-Economic globalisation= ranked 68th
-the diversity of tribal culture has reduced; education of the young and intermarriage between different groups has created a divide between those following the traditional ways of life and those influenced by a “westernised” culture
-TNCs have extracted resources in PNG, with employment of local people increasing conflicts between local tribal groups
-since 1900 90/270 of Brazil’s tribes have completely disappeared
-2/3rs of remaining have populations of less than 1000
Penan tribe= fewer than 500 still live in forest
Cultural diffusion: Diets
Changing diets in Asia:
-Globalisation is helping to shift Asian diets towards “Western” styles, such as meat and vegetables rather than rice.
-As Asian people become wealthier they are more connected to “western” lifestyles helped by global supermarket chains and fast food restaurants
-from 1990s till now meat consumption has increased from 5kg to 50kg per capita= increased obesity + methane emissions
Limiting cultural diffusion
-The French government has attempted to control globalisation by restricting
foreign language media (40% of all broadcast must be French).
-Iran –=In the early 2000s, the government banned Barbie dolls and confiscated them all from
stores as they weren’t seen as appropriate for the Islamic State.
-North korea= internet is completely banned
China= ‘ The great firewall of China’ prevents unfavourable info of the government from foreign media e.g BBC i s inaccesible
Globalisation and minority groups: Disabled
Cultural Globalisation
Example: Paralympics
Opportunities for disadvantaged groups:
-World organisations such as Fifa promote anti discrimination and equality
Paralympic movement: the first competitions were held in Rome in 1960, since the event has been held directly after the Olympics using the same venues
-shows that globalisation can create new opportunities for disadvanatged groups
Globalisation and minority groups: Ethnic minorities
Example: The Equality Act 2010
-must not be discriminated against because of race
Example: BLM movement
-spread of information through social media/technology
FIFA: say no to racism campaign
-promotes anti-discrimination policies and attitudes
Megacity growth
Mumbai:
-doubled in size since the 1970s
-because of movement of people from poor rural states like Utar
-rising land prices are putting pressure on redeveloping slum areas where people mostly work in recycling industry is
-provided 33% on India’s entire tax revenue
-home to Bollywood which is the second biggest film Neus try after Hollywood= greatly contributed to economy plus attract tourists
-IT hub= many companies outsource their call centres to Mumbai
-60% population in Daraby not benefitting from economic growth of central Mumbai and still live in poverty
-central Mumbai has some more expensive buildings that London and New York despite still having some piverty
Rural to urban migration (regional)
MEGACITY
Example: Mumbai
-people leaving Maharashtra to live in Mumbai
-as in Maharashtra high level of poverty with 50% living below poverty line
-hope to find a better paid job in Mumbai so can earn money and send it back to family members
Impacts:
-Mumbai grown at an avg of 4% a yr
-not enough housing/schools/doctors
-build own houses= appearance of slums= lack of sanitation, water e.t.c
Elite migration
-wealthy Russians are attracted to the world city of London because it is a key financial centre providing investment opportunities and a world city lifestyle
-can also be highly skilled migrants such as doctors who work in the NHS
- a significant number of Russian oligarchs have bought homes in the wealthiest boroughs of London
-for example= Roman Abramovich bought Chelsea Football Club in 2003
-between 2003-2013 was over £250billion to the Uk economy
Low wage migration
-filipino female workers move to the Middle east for low wage jobs in rich households (maids, cooks, cleaners)
-where low-skilled migrants fill skill gaps in the host country and send money back to their source country eg Polish in the UK
CONS ON HOST COUNTRY=
-possible strain on services and housing
CONS ON SOURCE COUNTRY=
-brain drain, elderly are left behind =spiral of decline as services are used less
Limiting environmental damage: Recycling
-In 2016 the household recycling rate in England was 45% with an EU target of 50% by 2020. Around 10.2m tonnes of waste were recycled and the amount sent to landfill is decreasing annually
BENEFITS OF RECYCLING=
-reduces amount of waste going into landfill
-reduces greenhouse gas emission
-creates new range of jobs
COSTS+
-zero waste is unachievable as some wastes cannot be recycled or not easily
Limiting environmental damage: Fair trade
(can reduce inequalities and environmental degradation and improve working conditions)
-producers receive a minimum fair price by operating as cooperatives and selling directly to the retailer
-workers rights are protected and no child labour is used
-there has been a growth in value for fair trade products as consumers become more ethically aware
Starbucks introduced fair trade coffee yet only 8.5% of the beans were fair trade certified
Cadbury:
-fair trade since 2009
-to ensure cocoa is sourced in a way that is right for farmers, communities bad land
Limiting environmental damage: Transition Towns
(settlements or communities that try to soften the impact of negative global feedback such as oil running out, climate change and economic recession.) They do this by:
-creating local groups that take actions to achieve a sustainable lifestyle
-reducing dependence on fossil fuels
-promoting local foods, using local ways of paying for good and services
-Devon has its own currency to promote/encourage spending in local stores
Totnes:
-introduced their own pound to keep money circulating
-saved 6million through renewable energy
-able to reduce cost of electcity thanks to solar panels installed
-disadvantage= pounds only used within totnes
-won’t work if people don’t work together
Impact of global shift: Bangalore
-home to 10million people
-1200 IT services companies employ 1million
-roads heavily congested
-demand for resources is 50% higher than supply
-house prices increasing putting pressure on local people
