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Path Pro > Regeneration And Repair > Flashcards

Regeneration And Repair Flashcards

1
Q

What processes are involved in wound healing

A

Homeostasis (Prevention of bleeding)
Inflammation
Regeneration OR Repair

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2
Q

What is Regeneration and when is it possible

A

Regrowth of cells, so that there is minimal evidence of injury

Only possible with minor injuries as an intact collage framework is needed

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3
Q

Compare the types of tissue in regards to proliferative ability

What cell cycle stage are each of them in

A

Labile: Continuously replicating, In cell cycle

Stable: Normally low level of replication, but can undergo rapid replication if needed, In G0 but can enter G1

Permanent: No replication, have left cell cycle and can’t re-enter

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4
Q

Give 2 examples of each of Labile, Stable, Permanent tissue

A

Labile: Haematopoietic tissue, Marrow cells

Stable: Bone, Kidneys
Permanent: Cardiac/ Skeletal muscle, Neurons

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5
Q

Define fibrous repair

A

Replacement of functioning tissue with a scar

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6
Q

What are the steps involved in Scar Formation, how soon do they start
What happens in the first and second one

A
  1. Bleeding and Homeostasis (Secs-mins)
    - Severed vessels contract, clot formed
    - Scab formation
  2. Inflammation (Mins-days)
    - Neutrophils appear
    - Acute then chronic inflammation
  3. Proliferation (Days-weeks)
  4. Remodelling (Weeks-years)
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7
Q

What happens in the 3rd step of scar formation (Proliferation)

A

Granulation tissue invades;

  • New capillaries formed by angiogenesis
  • Proliferation of Fibro+Myofibroblasts and ECM
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8
Q

What are 3 functions of granulation tissue

A

Fills the gap
New capillaries supply O2 and nutrients
Contracts to close the gap

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9
Q

What happens in the final step of scar formation (Remodelling)

A

Maturation of the scar;

  • Reduced cell population
  • More collagen
  • Myofibroblasts contract
  • Capillaries disappear
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10
Q

Name the 5 cells involved in Fibrous Repair along with their functions

A

Neutrophil/ Macrophage: Phagocytosis+ Mediator release
Lymphocyte: Co-ordinate other cells
Endothelial cell: Proliferation + Angiogenesis
Fibroblast: Secrete collagen/ elastin-> ECM
Myofibroblast: Wound contraction

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11
Q

Describe the structure of a fibroblast and myofibroblast

Where can a myofibroblast be found

A 
Spindle shaped nucleus 
Cytoplasmic extensions (Hard to see, as they interdigitate)

Myofibroblast: Similar to fibroblast, between a fibroblast and smooth muscle

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12
Q

Name 1 acquired and 3 inherited diseases of defective collagen

A

Acquired- Scurvy

Inherited;

  • Alport Syndrome
  • Osteogenesis Imperfecta
  • Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
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13
Q

What is Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

What are 4 signs

A

Inherited disorder where collagen fibres lack adequate strength

  • Hypermobile joints
  • Hyperextensible, Fragile skin
  • Poor wound healing
  • Colon rupture
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14
Q

What is Alport Syndrome

What are 3 signs

A

Abnormal type 4 collagen

  • Impaired glomerular filtration
  • Dysfunction of lens and ear
  • Blood in urine as kids/ teens
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15
Q

Name 3 methods of controlling regeneration and repair by cell communication

A

Direct cell to cell/ stroma contact
Growth factors (Or other local mediators)
Hormones

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16
Q

What are Growth Factors, how do they work

Name 4

A

Polypeptides that act on specific cell surface receptors. They cause the cell enter cell cycle and proliferate

  • Epidermal growth factor
  • Platelet derived growth factor
  • TNF
  • Vascular Endothelial growth factor
17
Q

Describe contact-inhibition

Suggest a condition where this mechanism is defective

A

Isolated cells replicate until they are in contact with other cells.

This is done via CADHERINS between cells which inhibit further proliferation

Cancer

18
Q

In 4 steps, explain healing of skin by Primary Intention

A
  • There is a small wound with apposed edges
  • Minimal clotting and granulation tissue formation
  • Epidermis regenerates, Dermis repairs (fibrous)
  • A small scar remains
19
Q

In 4 steps, explain healing of skin by Secondary Intention

A
  • There is significant tissue loss, with unapposed edges (Abscess may force edges apart)
  • Abdundant clotting/ inflammation/ granulation tissue formation
  • Considerable wound contraction is needed
  • Epidermis regenerates from edges, Dermis needs significant repair
20
Q

Compare the 2 classifications of factors affecting wound healing

A

Local: Relating to wound
Systemic: Relating to individual

21
Q

Identify 6 LOCAL factors that affect wound healing

Identify 5 SYSTEMIC factors that affect wound healing

A

Local;

  1. Size and location of wound
  2. Blood supply available
  3. Mechanical stress
  4. Local infection
  5. Foreign body presence
  6. Haematoma

Systemic;

  1. Age
  2. Drugs
  3. Malnutrition
  4. Anaemia/ Hypoxia/ Hypovolaemia
  5. Obesity
22
Q

Name 6 Complications of Fibrous Repair

A
  • Insufficient fibrosis (Dehiscence)
  • Excessive fibrosis
  • Fibrous adhesions may be formed
  • Loss of function
  • Architecture disrupted
  • Excessive contraction
23
Q

Name 4 times Insufficient Fibrosis can occur
Name the scar from excessive fibrosis, who’s at more risk of this
Why are Fibrous Adhesions bad
Why is excessive scar contraction bad

A

Obesity
Elderly
Malnutrition
Steroid use (Thinner skin)

A Keloid scar (Made of collagen and elastin); Afro-Caribbeans
Adhesions can cause tube obstruction
Tubes can be constricted

24
Q

Why does cartilage not heal well

A

Lacks blood supply, lymphatic drainage and innervation

25
Q

How do peripheral nerves heal in 2 steps

What is the rate of axon growth

A

After axon degeneration;

  • Proximal axon stumps sprout and elongate
  • They used Schwann cells (from degenerated axons) to guide them back to the tissue they innervate

1-3mm a day

26
Q

What is Gliosis

Describe the 3 stages in the sequence of liver healing

A

Replacement of neural tissue by proliferation of Glial cells

  1. Hepatocyte replicate first
  2. Non-parenchymal cells replicate
  3. If architecture and hepatocytes damaged severely, cirrhosis occurs

Path Pro (14 decks)

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