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MEH > Regeneration and repair > Flashcards

Regeneration and repair Flashcards

1
Q

Three processes of wound healing

A

Haemostasis- vessels are open
Inflammation- tissue injury
Regeneration- structures have already been destroyed

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2
Q

Regeneration

A

The growth of cells and tissues to replace lost structures . Can be normal or can occur after tissue damage

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3
Q

How are cells induced to regenerate?

A

Growth factors in environment
Cell to cell communication
Electrical currents and nervous currents

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4
Q

Three types of tissues

A

Labile
Stable
Permanent

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5
Q

What are labile tissues?

A

The proliferate throughout life- replacing cells

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6
Q

Examples of labile tissues

A

Epithelia, bone marrow, haemopoetic tissues

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7
Q

What are stable tissues?

A

Normally have a low level of replication but can undergo low level of replication in response to the stimuli

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8
Q

Examples of stable tissues

A

Parenchyma tissues, osteoclasts smooth muscle cells

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9
Q

What are permanent cells?

A

Tissue that contain cells that have left the cell cycle and cannot undergo mitotic division

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10
Q

Examples of permanent cells

A

Neurones, skeletal and cardiac muscles

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11
Q

Stem cells

A

Many terminally differentiated cells cannot divide so stem cells replace these cell.
Stem cells are cells with prolonged proliferation activity

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12
Q

Bone regenrative capacity

A

Very good

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13
Q

Tendon and articular cartilage regenerative capacity

A

Poor, heal very slowly due to lack of blood supply

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14
Q

Adipocyte regenrative capacity

A

None- just produces different adipocytes

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15
Q

Epithelia regenerative capacity

A

Good except the lens of the eye

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16
Q

Liver regenrative capacity

A

Excellent

Transplanted livers adjust to the size of the recipent

17
Q

Melanocytes regenrative capaccity

A

Tend to regenerate too much to too little

18
Q

Smooth muscle regenerative capacity

A

Very good

19
Q

Strained muscle regenerative capacity

A

Limited- regeneration from satelittle cells

20
Q

Peripheral nerves regenrative capacity

A

Regenerate at 1-3mm/day

21
Q

CNS regenrative capacity

A

None in humans

22
Q

Fibrous repair processes

A

Phagocytosis of necrotic tissue debris
Proliferation of endothelial cells- capillary growth
Proliferation of fibroblasta and myofibroblasts that synthesised collagen and cause wound contraction
Granulation tissue becomes less vascular
Scar matures and shrinks

23
Q

Scurvy

A

Due to vitamin C deficiencywhich is needed for hydroxylation of procollagen

24
Q

Ehlers Danilo’s syndrome

A

Skin is hyperextensible, fragile
Joints are suspectible to injury
Poor wound healing

25
Q

Osteogeneisis imperfecta

A

Brittle bone disease. Too little bone tissue

Also have blue sclera

26
Q

Alport syndrome

A

X linked disease abnormal type IV collagen- neural deafness and eye disorders

27
Q

Epidermal growth factor

A

Mitogenic for epithelial cells, hepatocytes, binds to epidermal growth factor receptor

28
Q

Vascular endothelial growth factor

A

Potent inducer of blood vessel development and new blood vessels in tumours and chronic inflammation

29
Q

Platelet derived growth factor

A

Stored in platelet alpha granules released on platelet activation

30
Q

Tumor necrosis factor

A

Induces fibroblast migration and proliferation and collagenase secretion

31
Q

Healing by primary intention

A

Occurs in closed non infected sutured wounds, where there is epithelial basement continuity but death of limited epithelial and CT

32
Q

Process of healing by primary intention

A 
Haemostasis
Inflammation
Migration of cells
Regenration
Early scarring
Scar maturation
33
Q

Primary intention healing- seconds to minutes

A

Arteries contract blood clots clot dehydrates and forms a scab preventing bacteria entering

34
Q

Primary intention healing mins to hours

A

Inflammation- neutrophils ward off bacteria

35
Q

Primary intention healing upto 48 hours later

A

Macrophages appear and begin to scavenge dead neutrophils become activated and secrete cytokines

36
Q

Process of healing by secondary intention

A

Granulation tissue grows inwards from the edges of the wound, large clot and necrotic debris. Myelofibroblasts cause the wound to contract

37
Q

Local factors which affect wound repair

A 
Size, location and type of wound
Blood supply
Denervation
Local infection
Foreign bodies
Necrotic tissue
Mechanical stress
Protection
Surgical techniques
38
Q

Systemic factors which affect wound healing

A 
Age
Anaemia
Hypoxia
Hypovalemia 
Obesity
Diabetes
Malignancy 
Genetic disorders 
Drugs
Vitamin deficiency
Malnutrition
39
Q

Complications of fibrous repair

A

Fibrous adhesions that compromise organ function
Loss of function
Keloid scar
Excessive scar causing disruption of tubes disfiguring scars

MEH (6 decks)

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