Regeneration Flashcards

Question

what was done environmentally for stratford?

Answer 1

- Development of 6000 boris bikes and the increased transport links allow for a direct train line from Stratford and so it has decreased the amount of air pollution by 8.6% as people avert from cars - The scheme has cleaned areas such as the greenway, improving the informal perception of the area and preventing excessive damage to the environment. - 100 ha of new greenspace was created with 4000 trees, after 600,000 tonnes of soil had been cleared of contaminants like arsenic, bitumen and ammonia. - 3 km of rivers and canals were cleared, and in many cases, replanted.

Answer 2

- New university designed to specialise in sport technology increases qualification and job opportunities and greater skilled workers to attract business. (6.2% more of the educated population are qualified), leading to decline in outmigration and so services are sustained - By 2030, more than 10,000 new homes will have been built in the park, around a third of which will be affordable - Residential areas e.g. Chobham manor and sweetwater, which will provide 9000 new homes by 2025 - increased accessibility and transport have led to a vast proportion of workers commuting and therefore a transient population

Answer 3

unemployment rate- 6% immigrant pop - 35% of population immigrants level of deprivation- 9% in poverty levels of education- 58% with degree or higher average house price- $1.3 million

Answer 4

unemployment rate- 2% inward migration- 19% non-UK born level of deprivation- 12% of children in poverty, 46% of children in sheerwater are said to be living in poverty levels of education- 38.4% have degree qualifications or higher average house price- £523k/$725k

Answer 5

Before decline: - A trading town heavily involved with fishing and the trading of cotton What happened to minehead? - Due to globalisation and changes in employment its function shifted to tourism, this led to a high number of job losses, 55% of people in Minehead are now employed in the tourism industry - They have suffered from deprivation and has been working with the government and investors to help develop the area and improve its QOL - they tried to reimage and rebrand to be a 'holiday resort' and built mine head pier in 1901

Answer 6

- £500,000 of funding granted under the Hinkley Point C Community Impact Mitigation (CIM) - Creating a hospitality and tourism academy to improve skills and help local businesses - £130,000 granted by the government under the Coastal Communities initiative, the whole project is to cost £1 million

Answer 7

- More and more retirees move to the seaside town for its aesthetics and have a large disposable income to spend - Student population has moved away to seek non-essential employment for a stable income - There is no uni in Minehead so students who seek higher education move away (brain drain), demographics are formed mainly from unskilled workers - Increased seasonal employment caused an increase in the population and also impacts the ethnic community position as of an influx in migrant workers become available

Answer 8

- 42.9% of people have ‘very good’ health - 6% unemployed - 72% of adults are classed as obese or overweight - 4.3% have no qualifications - In 2015 it was the 6th out of 326 most deprived wards

Answer 9

Before decline: - Terraced housing - Tourism at the local beach - Diverse industry (tourism, coal, petroleum, ship manufacturing) Redcar after the global shift: - High unemployment - No large chain businesses - Few students - High depopulation - Increased depression What happened to Redcar? - Over 2000 people lost their jobs due to steel working getting shut down, industrial relocation (global shift) - Chinese state-subsidised firms flooding the global market with cheap product and so there was mass decline in terms of their demand, no longer economically viable, was cheaper to import from them than it was to run the industry

Answer 10

- Lots of vacant businesses which don’t have investors, this reduces employment and localised spending, depopulation of workers leads to an increase in abandoned property, increasing crime and graffiti - Informal perceptions worsened, due to unemployment this has had psychological repercussions with people losing morale and motivation, people more likely to turn to depression increasing their reliance on medical prescriptions, this drains healthcare funds in the local region, contributing to deprivation - Contaminated ground has been there for a long time, this will cost a lot of time and money to decommission, it would cost over £1bn - Costs £100k a week to keep the old site safe - Loss of industry has led to depopulation, lack of threshold population, closure of shops, reduced tax revenue leading to a lower amount being invested into services, less attractive for investment - no. of people claiming any benefits is 25% above national average, lower aspirations, rise in depression, rise in healthcare costs, strain on local gov

Answer 11

- A £50 million fund was set up by the government to help Redcar’s steelworkers start new lives - Hopes to turn Redcar into an SEZ with the council estimating it would bring in £340m of rates in the next 25 years - Government is now funding £71m in order to turn the SSI Steelworks site into a business zone aimed at drawing clean energy and tech firms, could create 20,000 skilled jobs over the next two decades - a £25 million grant has been allocated to Redcar to regenerate the town

Answer 12

regional - Hinkley C Point in Somerset is a nuclear powerplant that received investment from Chinese sovereign fund (FDI) meaning that the local government can invest more into services as the company has covered Hinkley C. - It provides cheaper electricity to Minehead also attracting more business to the area increasing employment (Murdle’s model of cumulative causation only applies to new industry as PME is triggered) - Butlins holidays centre led to an increase in tourism and more seasonal jobs (PME) yet increased transient population. - Poor location, not near any major cities so less money is invested into the local government so less development of the town national - Due to recession, increased unemployment and poverty means that less people can afford to buy/go on holidays leading to a decline in Minehead’s primary function (NME), peripheral region with little funding - Government is pushing for apprenticeships (Minehead beach hotel took on catering apprenticeships), incentives and financial benefits, increases training, management, hospitality international/global - Trade is much cheaper with other countries for materials (like cotton) so declining trade in Minehead - Better global transport makes it easier for people to go on more exotic holidays (e.g. Eurostar and planes) so less holidays to British coastal towns, aided as well through increasing global affluence - Trade between other countries have increased (agreements like EU free trade policies) so cheaper to buy materials from other countries leading to a decreased demand for resources in Minehead causing income in the area to decline (e.g. fishing industry)

Answer 13

1) Minehead vision group- ensured that the local population have access to the appropriate skills and training they need to realise potential, they provided a range of cultural and leisure activities 2) Local government- put ideas and projects into action by recruiting planners to organise construction, consultation meetings where people could share views 3) Coastal communities alliance- build on the strengths of the town, further regenerate Minehead, future proof it to be a vital and vibrant community, where the local population have access to appropriate skills

Answer 14

- The term ‘rust belt’ refers to the decline in metal manufacturing, once the world’s largest heavy metal industrial region, with coal mining in the Appalachian Mountains and steel production using ores from Michigan, it’s faced decline and industrial relocation since the 1950’s. - economic restructuring has triggered a spiral of decline which includes increases levels of social deprivation (education, health, crime, access to services and living environment)

Answer 15

- Overseas competition, e.g. China producing cheaper coal and steel - Mining companies have mechanised to cut costs (unemployment) - £5 spent in the north to every £2595 in central London, clear divide in government spending - Lower wage costs in SE-USA led to industrial relocation of the steel and car industries, 80,000 jobs lost here in Michigan between 1993-2008 while 90,000 were gained in Alabama, Tennessee, Virginia and Texas - Global shift due to cheap labour in SE Asia - US coal industries only survives due to government subsidies which cost the US $2.9 billion (in 2014-15) without this US coal companies could not compete globally leading to mass closure creating a negative multiplier effect (NME) - it has undergone economic restructuring from high-wage primary and secondary employment to low-wage tertiary in retail and local which has caused low levels of income and high unemployment

Answer 16

- Population decline and brain drain as people leave to seek high-end jobs elsewhere (Detroit Michigan net loss of 26.6% from 2000-2012) - High unemployment and crime including drugs - Reduced revenue for local councils as consumer spending falls (due to US policy of local sales tax paid at the till) - Low revenue from sales and property taxes to local council as well as little money available to invest in transport infrastructure for commuting and accessibility. - ¼ of high street shops shut/empty - by 2014, 2/3 of Detroit's residents could not afford basic needs like food and fuel and the poverty rate was 38%

Answer 17

gated communities- wealthy residential areas that are fenced off and have security entrance systems sink estates- council housing estates that are least desirable to live in and have the shortest waiting list for housing. They are characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation as well as crime, tending to house the lowest income residents e.g. Broadwater farm in north London

Answer 18

The juxtaposition of these two areas exacerbates the inequality between the rich and the poor. Therefore, this may become a priority for regeneration in order to recreate the social stratification of an area whereby high QOL is widespread rather than concentrated with a small few. In rural areas, successful prosperous commuter villages may only be a few miles away from less attractive rural villages, suffering population decline and service deprivation.

Answer 19

- tend to have the residential occupations of higher sector workers who earn more and can afford to commute - unavoidable aspect of gentrification - ‘ghost town’ during the day, risk to small businesses - middle class people tend to live in these areas, driving house prices up often leading to an affordability crisis. In some cases, this can force people into cheaper rural settlements. Therefore, regeneration may happen in order to avoid such a process.

Answer 20

pros: - Bring money into an areas as house prices increases due to a gentrified population searching for privacy, PME - Help prevent house prices from depreciating cons: - Can fracture communities and breed resentment - Increases economic inequality between population - Highly competitive property market due to limited space for new properties

Answer 21

pros: - Through regeneration it will lead to not only an improved quality of housing and opportunities (commercial and social services) for the area but will also increase environmental quality through the removal of graffiti and abandoned properties. - Poor sanitation and so investing will improve sanitation and so there will be less health problems - will help with attachment and therefore lived experience cons: - High levels of economic and social deprivation, large amounts of capital will be needed to invest - Poor informal perception, low engagement and attachment, limited aspirations so investment may be wasted, not helped by the often transient population through the temporary housing in which it offers - Increased living prices may not be sustainable due to the previous inhabitants - Taxpayers may not want their money to be spent on the unemployed

Answer 22

pros: - By investing it will create jobs and build its own infrastructure and services - Large chances for economic growth through its connectivity - May need fewer services as commuters may not demand as many shops cons: - Often causes gentrified areas with property prices in suburbs, forcing poorer communities out - Bad for some small businesses as money may be spent in the city (can be a ghost town in the day) - Restrictions on urban sprawl by environmental legislations, e.g. Green belt land - Less sense of social community as people aren’t there

Answer 23

pros: - It will improve the QOL for the local population, provide employment opportunities - Increases two-way flow and interdependence - Tourism opportunities - Population decline leads to a lack of tax paid to the council, lack of funding cons: - Quantity of people it benefits is limited in comparison to urban areas. Also, if there is no industry it may be wasted. - Large unemployment due to competitive market dominated by cheaper places (States and Asia) makes it unattractive for investment, large amounts needed

Answer 24

1) Sink estates 2) Declining rural settlements 3) Commuter villages 4) Gated communities

Answer 25

Gated communities can be the worse to regenerate as it exacerbates the gap between the rich and the poor leading to clear disparities within a region. This can also create a focal point for crime as it is evidently a wealthy area and therefore resentment from poorer communities can lead to it being forgotten. investment into these areas are also less needed, there is high attachment and high disposable income.

Answer 26

deindustrialisation leads to empty buildings leading to dereliction of built environment leading to increase of burglary and vandalism leading to environmental and building quality decline leading to low investor confidence in the area leading to industrial decline deindustrialisation leads to high unemployment leads to lower disposable income leads to local shops and services getting fewer customers leading to shops shutting leading to lower investor confidence in the area leading to industrial decline deindustrialisation leads to high unemployment leads to outmigration leads to depopulation leads to schools and shops shutting leads to lower investor confidence in the area leads to industrial decline deindustrialisation leads to high unemployment leads to rise in depression leads to lower aspirations leading to weaker achievement at school leading to less skilled workforce leading to low investor confidence in the area leading to industrial decline

Answer 27

- due to the lack of money available, the UK have privatised a lot of the utilities, allowing for FDI to keep these industries afloat, this often has to be subsidised as well as they are generally not profit-making - Government get a lump sum of money - Relieved of time having to be invested to manage it - Leakages will now be present as the the money is not going to the UK economy and so this drains funds - However, private companies will have a large stake in a country’s infrastructure, money also ‘leaks’ to foreign companies. The British government has to get investment in order to regenerate an area because they have sold the majority of their industry - Companies run for profit so quality of overall service may be reduced - the UK have privatised much of its utilities, privatised industries contribute 2% of our GDP

Answer 28

- This will improve standards for workers and will mean the gov will have to spend less North: brain drain, inaccessibility, lack of connectivity, poor infrastructure, deprivation - Industry will set up in areas that have a strong infrastructure. Therefore, the government want to make the north more attractive to investment so that it will ‘regenerate itself’. The north is unattractive because it has a poor infrastructure and is a periphery region which makes it hard to access to and connect to, leading to the brain drain effect. - Through investing into infrastructure this can create a more appealing business environment, more attractive for investors, myrdal’s model of cumulative causation, rise in gov tax revenue - HS2

Answer 29

- More spending in the south Infrastructure spending is £2595 per person in London but only £5 per person in the NE - Better social prospects like LE in the south - In the south, there are major arteries outside of London, industries locate here due to close proximity to London (accessibility) yet cheaper land than in central London, M3 and M4 corridor - Widely perceived evident gap between north and south. South is often dominated with metropolitan areas (London). Lack of investment in NE has led to inequalities and lack of labour mobility. - Overcrowding is starting to happen in the south - Cumulative causation - UK gov trying to address this through developing a 'northern powerhouse' which will connect major industrial town and cities in NE and NW - greater economic opportunities in the south and so they invest the most there

Answer 30

a high-speed railways service that is to go through 18 major cities such as Leeds and Birmingham. It aims to link London and the southeast with the 'northern powerhouse' allowing for greater connectivity. it aims to reduce the north-south divide as the north is somewhat isolated from the economic hub and capital of London. - aiming to connect London to the northern powerhouse, ensuring that 2/3 of the population are within 2 hours of the capital, improving their ability to commute to the south for work whilst also helping local services through being more accessible for industry to set up, northern areas were significantly impacted by the global shift

Answer 31

- (SSSI is environmentally sensitive) - Home to rare breeds of flowers and animals - Chalk rock difficult to build on - Environmentalists will be anti-hydrogen - Compulsory purchase order are mandatory. This means forced relocation for many. People protest due to attachment to them. Neighbours have a sense of helplessness as HS2 now goes past their house, they can’t sell the house now so are stuck.

Answer 32

- Links 18 cities, often halving commuting times - 2/3 of population less than 2 hours from London - People can now commute to London - Destroys peace and tranquillity in urban areas - Disrupts social factors like concentration in schools and peace in local graveyards - In 2011, national consultation over 90% opposed hS2 - Costs between £60-100 billion - Easier to do business on a national scale, attracting both talent and clients from all over the country - Northern cities feel as though they are going through their own unique renaissance and development. They would rather tax breaks to give incentive to companies to relocate there. They know best not those in London.

Answer 33

- Northern cities feel as though the HS2 will make it easier to do business on a national scale. This will help to attract talent from all over the country making businesses more competitive but also clients who may have otherwise been concentrated in the capital, perhaps boosting productivity - Creates over 16,000 jobs for employment. This can boost local income but also national income through increased tax revenue - In the long term, it will establish good connectivity (e.g. 2/3 of population could get to London in less than 2 hours) - This should encourage more investment and regeneration in the ‘powerhouse’ and play some part in reducing the North-South divide. - midlands and north investment allows them to feel more valued, higher voting, boosts morale - helps to redistribute population and therefore services

Answer 34

- Goes through areas which are protected (SSSI). These are home to endangered species of flora and fauna and therefore environmentalists which thrive to protect these areas will anti it. - The Chilterns is also made of chalk rock, so the underlying geology is difficult to build on. This can pose economic issues as it becomes harder and more specialised to build on. - Drawbacks for individuals as the railways will inevitably go through previously established land. In terms of settlements, government can ‘compulsory purchase order’ land which results in forced relocation for many. People may start to protest due to varying levels of attachment and lived experiences to the area. Yet also people may protest due to the long-term implications it has as neighbours who haven’t been relocated now need to live in such close proximity to the railway, potentially diminishing the value of their house and therefore their ability to move. - Disrupts tranquillity of environmental areas and can be an eyesore. - This is likely to be hindered by distinct local identities built up over by decades of industrial growth and decline, demonstrated by rivalries of football clubs like Manchester and Liverpool, and their fans. - lack of consultation, some say it is is unnecessary and a publicity stint, costs have spiralled

Answer 35

- Connections and convenience are vital to UK’s attractiveness as an inward investment destination, near to where over half of all European companies’ headquarters, along M4 corridor - Create more jobs, 76500 workers there already, positive multiplier effect - Create £7 billion each year to the economy - Lack of expansion would affect London’s position as a trading capital of the world, lose out in business competition and tourism

Answer 36

- Already very successful, money should be spent elsewhere (only smaller airports) - If expanded, fewer people would be going to the smaller airports, wealth becomes more dominated in the south of England near London - Would enhance the brain drain, more jobs, don’t look very far out, economy concentrated around SE of the UK - Increased air and noise pollution, reduces quality of life in the area, economic intensive area - Difficult to achieve zero net emissions target by 2050, 700 more planes would be in the plane each day, Heathrow already generates 50% of UK aviation emissions

Answer 37

- expansion will create lots of jobs due to higher amount of passengers and so this will highly contribute to the economic value of the surrounding area - the arrival of private jets into airports like Luton (29k jet movements a year) supports well paid technical jobs boosting the local economy, expansion will simply increase the benefits - Increase accessibility of the north as means FDI and industry can locate here and do business from here more easily as it is more accessible. This can spark Murdle’s model of cumulative causation releasing an abundance of positive multiplier effects.

Answer 38

- The airports face too much competition from big airports in London and struggle to attract passenger business so expansion will not prove as beneficial and profitable - There are many more profitable uses for the land that the airports have access to, for example housing or industrial development - Many regional airports are popular because they are smaller, it is less busy, security is faster and the whole flight process is quicker. The expansion of regional airports could disrupt this, this will only work if people from the region can still experience the benefits of a small airport as this is what they love.

Answer 39

- planning laws - permission for fracking - affordable housing - house building targets

Answer 40

- planning laws like greenbelt policy make releasing new land for housing very hard to achieve, most the demand is in the south and east where there is the least capacity to find new land for housing, the gov may designate greenbelt land to be used for development - inner city laws (usage) - lack of ability to build new housing can prevent economic development and regeneration by limiting the opportunities for new people to move into the area - if planning laws are strict it can reduce the ability of an area to regenerate as it is harder to attract workers and industry - fewer regulations are integral to start up businesses and therefore this can help lead to Murdle’s model of cumulative causation and the positive repercussions associated with this as a result - In recent years, the government has been attracted by the perceived benefits of fracking, developments the are 'in the national interest' which could add to the UK’s home-produced natural gas supplies and reduce the need for imported gas, even when these developments would not normally be allowed.

Answer 41

UK forced to import 70% of its gas by 2020 so government are loosening regulations for local councils to green light fracking. This would allow the UK to improve their energy security. - . If in a rural area this can influence urban dependency and two-way flow reducing disparities between regions. It can also generate a huge amount of jobs thus helping to create a larger tax revenue in the local area. - . It can also generate a huge amount of jobs thus helping to create a larger tax revenue in the local area. This means the government has more money to invest into further regeneration methods such as house building. - introduction of heavy industry hat is disruptive to people and the environment

Answer 42

positives - provides jobs, since 2008, Marcellus shale has provided tens of thousands of jobs due to fracking - reduce their dependance on 'foreign' energy imports - shale gas is less polluting compared to other fossil fuels negatives - can create serious leaks of methane which can damage the environment, GG - Large amounts of chemicals used can leak into the drinking water, poisoning local people - Uses large amounts of water that is wasted once the process is over, water insecurity - Can cause small earthquakes

Answer 43

- certain degree of developments must be affordable, key workers must be able to access cheap homes, we heavily rely on foreign workers for running services like the NHS, no point in regenerating if you dont have key workers, affordable housing attracts people - Planning permission is often dependent on a scheme including 'planning gain' in other words a scheme for new private homes might be given permission if it includes a certain percentage of affordable homes or improvements to existing roads or parks, paid for by the developer. - if housing is affordable then it will lead to longer residency, less transient population, higher attachment and engagement - since the 1980s, a lot of social renting housing stock has been lost through the right to buy scheme and so there is a shortage of suitable properties for those on low incomes - it will help in giving them higher aspirations, if they have a home then they are likely to be engaged in the area and live a more sustainable, healthy and safe lifestyle

Answer 44

- the gov are forcing local authorities to ensure sufficient housing, new industry means new homes are needed, immigration - tends to go hand in hand with improved infrastructure (roads) - 240,000 homes need to be built each year to meet curent demand, for the last 10 years only 100k-150k have been built every year - however planning laws like greenbelt policy have made it very hard to achieving the house building targets - It is a clear way of stimulating economic regeneration as it can help to gentrify an area attracting a more affluent population and ensure the threshold population is met in previously rurally isolated areas and therefore that services will stay open. - It can also lead to increased funding and local spending further contributing to a positive multiplier effect. - Inevitably, the building of new houses also fuels the construction industry leading to more jobs and therefore a greater tax revenue in the area to lead to further regeneration - there is a high demand for housing due to the rapidly rising population (immigration and birth rates), an increase in the number of households (higher divorce rates) and overseas investors buying up property for investment (especially in London) and second homes

Answer 45

- In recent years, the government has been attracted by the perceived benefits of fracking, developments the are 'in the national interest' which could add to the UK’s home-produced natural gas supplies and reduce the need for imported gas however in reality this would lead to many problems for the local people such as the contamination of their water supplies, mini earthquakes and an increase in pollution (methane) - the impact of HS2 on the local communities

Answer 46

- Made it easier for companies to locate to the UK and for foreigners to invest (e.g. Hinkley point by Chinese SVF) - Gives companies rights and information to set similar establishments up in domestic countries - It encourages an open door policy and the free movement of people into the UK which leads to a larger workforce to alternate labour shortages but also a potentially higher skilled workforce as with new culture comes new innovation and ideas - privatisation meant that big developments are funded by foreign investors, more funding spurs Myrdal's model - Chinese investors in canary wharf - Increased competition acts as a spur to greater efficiency, leading to lower costs and prices for consumers. - removing red tape by thatcher allowed for big banks to make mass investments in the uk, a powerful country on the global scale

Answer 47

- financial regulations have been made tighter, some banks like HSBC therefore have threatened to move to Asia. The UK gov therefore decided in 2015 to halve a proposed banking levy. - TNC’s are good to a point. As they’re footloose they can locate anywhere and so can begin to manipulate the government to prevent them from moving abroad. This limits and influences UK regulations. - competition, threaten to leave if the UK change their quotas and tariffs - Yet FDI can lead to leakages as profits go abroad. It also drives prices up reducing ability to invest from UK companies - allowed for foreign people to buy property, in 2016, the guardian estimated that 40,000 London properties were owned by offshore tax havens, these properties may not be lived in or even rented, housing shortages

Answer 48

(want to get the best migrants only) - Introduce an Australian style points-based system, if highly skilled it is easy to get work permit - EU citizens to wait five years before accessing benefits and to pay an NHS surcharge - Introduce ‘start up visas’ to attract entrepreneurs as well as an ‘NHS visa’ that would make it easier for doctors and nurses from around the world to work in the UK - UK have made immigration flows easier in order for them to access jobs Effect on regeneration: - Regulations to make it easier for specialised workers to migrate to the UK more effectively, specialist workers in specialist areas leads to thriving economy - Reducing freedom of movement would likely reduce overpopulation and driving house prices up reducing need for regeneration. - Yet, it may lead to a shortage of workers meaning the threshold population isn’t met in certain areas, UK rely on foreign workers to run the NHS

Answer 49

- deregulation allowed foreign investors to invest in the UK without seeing uk gov approval - it has transformed the economy to the extent that banking, finance and business services now account for 30% of the UK's GDP (compared to 15% in 1986) - the regeneration of the London docklands also created space for the expanding financial institutions to set up large offices in Canary Wharf - china's investments into HS2 - after joining the European single market in 1992 (allowing free movement of labour within the EU), it has led a rise in the movement of people, balancing out our ageing population through increased tax revenue - economic growth can only come from expansion and an available labour market - inward investment from Russian oligarchs seeking a higher quality of life but also making long-term investments seen through Roman Abramovich buying Chelsea football club in a deal with £140 million

Answer 50

- The open-door policy led to migration of workers into the UK (poles are 2nd largest ethnic group after Indians) - Many Indians as it was a former British colony establishing a strong connection - Some poles returned home (1.2 million stayed and gave birth to 21,000 children in 2012 alone) - In 2004 eight European countries joined the EU, this was to boost the economy - In 2007 two more countries joined - Slough and Corby are the fastest growing in the UK

Answer 51

- Australia and japan are examples - Limit migration of workers - No free movement of people - lack of trade through the restricted borders

Answer 52

- Removal of laws (e.g. deregulation) makes it easier for foreign companies to locate (e.g. lower co-operation tax) - This increases employment levels and widens the industrial base - Therefore, more tax payed both by the business itself but also workers, more money to spur further growth - Investment into existing infrastructure - This can lead to gentrification of urban areas attracting a more affluent population - This can drive house/property prices up due to increased demand providing greater tax/money to spur regeneration - Renting property means more capital gains tax

Answer 53

- investment in infrastructure and transport (airports and HS2) - deregulates capital markets allowing for investment - influences immigration policies - set up enterprise zones - determines planning laws as well as assigning affordable housing

Answer 54

positives - massive boost for the economy, they bought Chelsea football club - Qatari investment have bought into the shard, canary wharf improving the environment - combined total bonds and loans raised by Russian businesses in London between 2004 and 2013 is over £250 billion negatives - they are buying second homes, driving prices really high for us - In 2013, 82% of property deals in central London were by foreign buyers, overcrowding, people forced out centre - increased wealth gap - pressure on services

Answer 55

- skilled wealthy migrants usually in finance or investment industry - HQs and offices of TNCs are often located in global hubs so high-paid professional workers are attracted to these places which creates huge wealth - affluent individuals whose investment is sought by countries through tax breaks or other inducements - in 2013, 82% of property deals in central London were from foreign buyers - 1/3 of all foreign purchases of residential property in London between 2004 and 2013 went to Russians, Russian oligarchs send their children to elite private school in the UK, for them to become westernised, better work ethic - some elite migrants live as 'global citizens' and have multiple homes in multiple countries - these individuals face few barriers because their immigration is considered by Govs to be beneficial to economic growth and competitiveness in a globalised economy

Answer 56

1. creating sympathetic business environments- Science parks 2. improve infrastructure (roads, buildings, broadband), increasing connectivity 3. create a skilled workforce and broaden their industrial base 4. lower corporation tax

Answer 57

- they are large geographical areas that offer a range of incentives such as decreased taxes in the area, superfast broadband and good infrastructure. Because of this, businesses have a greater attraction to the area and therefore are more likely to locate there Businesses - As they are often around former industrial areas, there is plenty of opportunity for investors, both domestic and foreign investors - Up to 100% business rate discount worth up to £275,000 per business over a 5-year period local community - More than 2000 trainees and apprentices are benefiting from zones, tackling local skills gap - Often driving force of local economies as they unlock development sites, consolidate infrastructure, attract business and create jobs (19,000 jobs to sites across the country) UK economy - Help to attract more FDI into the country and are bringing jobs and business across England - The 24 zones report that they have now attracted £2.2 billion of private investment and more than 500 new businesses - Businesses are clustering around centres of excellence in key sectors such as financial services, biosciences, digital and creative industries, advanced engineering, automotive and renewable energy

Answer 58

- it was founded in 1970 by trinity college making it the oldest science park in the UK - it is a concentration of science and technology-related businesses (e.g. Philips). By 1999, there were 64 companies employing some 4000 people. - In 2005, the Cambridge Science Park innovation centre opened and allowed early-stage companies to grow and flourish according to their particular circumstances. New buildings/offices have also been built attracting further investment. - Provides specialist facilities and technology transfer expertise to R&D companies across a range of sectors - Support R&D companies from start-up to floatation (placing company shares on the open market) - it has strong links to the university, providing a highly educated workforce to attract investment and to facilitate the type of industry located there - People living and working in Cambridge are amongst the most highly qualified in the country with 46% of Cambridge residents educated to degree level, compared to 26% nationally. - Situated less than an hour from London by train, 25 mins from Stansted airport, the home of Cambridge airport and on the A14 and M11, Cambridge is easily accessible by road, rail or air

Answer 59

- By creating a central hotspot for certain industries like high tech it has led to the clustering and agglomeration of high tech R+D companies - They are attractive in improving the efficiency of a business in that area and therefore this will often increase investment, both domestic and foreign - £200m injection from Chinese investors to create a 'state-of-the-art bio-hub' - the competitive environment which is created allows for efficiency and managerial economies of scale, rise in investment due to lower costs of operating here

Answer 60

- Huawei (phones) - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) - Toshiba Research Europe (computers)

Answer 61

similarities: - result in regeneration - attract FDI - agglomeration and clustering - good infrastructure - attract inward investment - local gov are involved differences: - enterprise zones are bigger - science parks are for niche industry - enterprise zones are more influenced by central government

Answer 62

The Golden Triangle is a term that was initially used to describe the grouping of elite, highly-funded universities located in the southern English cities of Oxford, Cambridge, and London - Life science is the 3rd largest growth sector economically - One of the world’s leading concentrations of biotechnology and life sciences - The institutions within receive some of the highest research incomes, funding and grants from the UK government - Increases business growth

Answer 63

are any association of individuals or organisations, usually formally organised with shared concerns that attempt to influence public policy in its favour (e.g. Woking against skyscrapers), Sheerwater residents association, Minehead development trust

Answer 64

- they help protect workers' rights, development must satisfy their regulations - Trade unions want to make sure employment to an area is appropriate and doesn’t lead to the forced relocation/unemployment of local workers - This can lead to conflict as they all have different priorities. E.g. no change vs change. Residents feel they lack control over situation so wants to have a say

Answer 65

1) A lack of political engagement and representation - local councils have less attachment to the area and tend to care more about economic gain, may not acknowledge individual needs 2) Ethnic tensions - they have different priorities 3) Inequality 4) A lack of economic opportunity

Answer 66

as a result of inequality in income. This can affect peoples access to the housing market and this means that new housing developments can result in conflict. through gentrification it will lead to increased housing prices, not pleasing all residents - inequalities that exist already mean there might be resentment if the regeneration does not directly benefit local people e. g. King's Barton urban fringe (Winchester) redevelopment caused conflict as the scheme to build affordable housing was contested by affluent members of the city as they were building on Greenfield sites

Answer 67

For example, the regeneration in Haringhey, London plans to build 10,000 new homes around Tottenham FC. This could lead to a loss of religious diversity if the churches created by the African Caribbean community are lost. This is because many of the population of this ethnic group will have to move out when as they cannot afford the new homes.

Answer 68

they tend to maintain a reputation for low-skills employment. they have failed to transition into prospering industries after deindustrialisation and so face more job decline than job growth, e.g. burnley

Answer 69

they are areas that have managed to move away from low-skills employment and gain a larger share of knowledge-intensive jobs after de-industrialisation. e.g. London

Answer 70

- placing limits on building on Greenfield sites - limiting the amount of skyscrapers in a set area - Housing is an important component in many regeneration projects. - Planning laws and permission for fracking are another critical development today. Fracking could help regenerate some areas. - Laws can be used to control the location and scale of development- place marketing.

Answer 71

- areas that have experienced regeneration and an addition of well-paid jobs will experience large amounts of immigration - Young adults and their families help to counteract the UK’s ageing population structure. They provide labour that matches well the skills required by the UK. - Through their employment they swell taxes. Their concentrated presence in towns and cities can also trigger regeneration. - an improvement in services such as healthcare and education would attract immigration from poorer countries seeking abetter QOL for their children

Answer 72

Chambers of commerce (represent local businesses) - they persuade local and national governments to invest in infrastructure and skills training - conflict with: local gov and large TNCs Trade unions - to represent workers in particular industries over issues like pay and conditions - they may be concerned about the type of employment coming to an area, it must satisfy their regulations, they want to be sure that employment in an area is appropriate and doesn’t lead to the forced relocation/unemployment of local workers Heritage and conservation societies (horsell common preservation society) - responsible for lobbying to protect environmental areas so they will counter regeneration if it disrupts the natural environment, e.g. congestion, destruction of previous greenbelt land Residents associations- try to protect their area as they feel regeneration may disrupt the existing social stratification as rising house prices may lead to the forced relocation of many. the residents often feel they have a lack of control over their situation so want to have a say in regeneration to improve this - sheerwater residents society conflict with: Local council preservation societies - lobbying job, making sure he gov dont change laws and preserve greenbelt land conflicts with: local Govs

Answer 73

- They could be divided on the basis of whether regeneration is necessary- division between those who claim that the existing situation should be left as it is and those in favour of some form of intervention. - Tensions over the exact form of intervention. - opposed on views of large developments, those focused on economic gain (local gov) vs those who want a peaceful life with limited congestion (local community) - preserve environment vs seek change - protests by residents of clay lane housing cooperative which was compulsory purchased in 2007 to make way for olympic site developments - few jobs went to local people, whether temporary or permanent

Answer 74

- The UK plays a central role in investing into infrastructure as it is responsible for national funds and therefore can decide which areas are most worthy of funding. E.g. investing into projects such as HS2 to try and connect the north and south, where to allocate funding - Central government also influences investment into infrastructure such as airports, on both a wider but also regional scale. - On a more localised scale, government is responsible for defining house building targets and therefore investment into infrastructure on an individual scale

Answer 75

- It maintains growth as it can help to spur overseas investment (e.g. through the deregulation of capital markets there is a range of incentives open to investors) - Policy on immigration can also help to maintain growth as it can attract a skilled workforce to alternate labours shortages meaning industry works more effectively - Gov policy had a proportionate influence over accessibility. For example, HS2 and regional airports makes the north an easier place to locate in. this can spur growth through attracting investment.

Answer 76

1) tourism attractions through diversifying economy, bronte country, their use of heritage and culture, using their environment, kielder forest's man made lake, however impact on environment negative 2) improving the skills of the population and investment in services, education and apprenticeship opportunities in aircraft related industries, cornwall’s aerohub, educated workforce, good labour, sympathetic business environments - san Francisco saw the agglomeration and clustering of tech and energy industries through accessing Stanford grads 3) opening attract business environments such as science parks, cornwall science park, 750 jobs, agglomeration and clustering attracting footloose companies, however this doesn’t address the root problems, they need to have qualified people to take these jobs Cambridge science park aiding Myrdal's model, clustering of R+D companies, good connectivity to attract TNCSs - the relaxation of planning laws, national house building targets

Answer 77

Stratford 1) westfield shopping centre provided over 2000 jobs for the area, take out of spiral decline, fewer on benefits, rise in tax revenue and therefore reinvested into the community, positive multiplier effect However: many jobs were taken by people out of the area, didn’t necessarily benefit the local area, didn’t achieve its aim, under half the jobs involved are local people 2) east London tech hub, unicorn companies installing in the area leading to agglomeration and clustering of tech companies, increase in revenue, high managerial jobs, higher disposable income spending in the area However: housing deprivation, gentrification has led to an increase in unaffordable housing, forcing people out of the area, reductions in terms of economic deprivation but increasing in housing deprivation 3) the increase in leisure facilities, Olympic stadium homing west ham football club, the velodrome and lee valley hockey club, generates lots of money, opportunities for reductions in social deprivation, greater engagement, local participation However: environmental deprivation, increase in population and commuters has increased co2 emissions

Answer 78

1) stakeholders in the local community - in Stratford the venues were sited on a former industrial estate, where 207 companies employed 5000 people- all of whom were compensated to move 2) environmental stakeholders - concerned about the amount of dereliction due to the closure of the docklands, the queen Elizabeth Olympic park has cleaned up and re-landscaped the whole area. - new wetlands now form part of the park and breeding boxes and nesting sites have ensured rising numbers of species such as bats and birds 3) stakeholders in people- education, New university designed to specialise in sport technology increases qualification and job opportunities and greater skilled workers to attract business. (6.2% more of the educated population are qualified), leading to decline in outmigration and so services are sustained

Answer 79

1) stakeholders in the local economy- developers such as urban splash and Liverpool vision have worked within the ropewalks partnership to refurbish historical buildings as luxury settlements and establishing an active residential community 2) UNESCO- through naming the waterfront a world heritage site due to its historical importance, it now has 4 million visitors a year due to city of culture and world heritage site, large role in its success 3) stakeholders in people- education, Liverpool uni has created ample opportunity for younger generations and has created an educated and innovative population to perhaps facilitate growing job opportunities, however services now benefitted to younger pop

Answer 80

- it can be difficult to create a successful masterplan that satisfies all of their varying priorities, this can lead to indecisiveness in finalising a plan - if an area int united in its desires it may also reduce the funding invested into the areas as it is likely to be used less effectively - can lead to overall reduction in the quality of the regeneration scheme as instead fo planning one v successful method , actions may be placed to lessen some areas in order to gasify others

Answer 81

- location is near to Sheffield, a previous steel making town meaning the area is facing the impacts of industrial decline - they constructed a man made lake to create another site to visit in kielder, they have the largest forest in england - they have the biggest HEP plant in england here with the total water released set at a max of 1.3 million metres cubed a day - the project has been successful as they expect 300,000 visitors annually, it has won gold to be officially recognised as the best tourism experience in the country , led to localised spending - more than nine million people visit the county every year, bring in £706 million to the local economy

Answer 82

a science park relies on having an educated local workforce in order to fill the advanced job vacancies - despite having good economic intentions, the lack of highly qualified individuals in the area due to the brain drain effect meant that the social and economic benefits of this park were somewhat limited - much smaller scale, by 2021 they aim to have a community of 700 people, perhaps due to its location it lacks scale and therefore influence

Answer 83

successful regions - high education levels - good infrastructure in place (tech, buildings) - political ideologies (embracing open flows) - high inward investment - culture (South Korea on education) and cultural diversity (innovation) unsuccessful regions - lack of job opportunities (narrow industrial base), lack in consecutiveness in peripheral regions - deindustrialisation due to global shift - high levels of outmigration, threshold population can't be met - poor investment into services, lack of gov priorities - culture (aboriginals) - their climate and geographical location

Answer 84

- government ideologies towards FDI, deregulation of markets, open flows of gov after death of President Mao in 1978, economic reform - higher incentives to offshore and outsource business to NE China along with having the largest population in the world, led to the global shift of manufacturing - improvements into infrastructure, longest highway network in the world, their railway system links all towns and cities allowing for connectivity, they spend more money in infrastructure than N America and Western Europe combined - GDP growth rate of 6.1% - setting base in Djibouti and its bases around the Indian Ocean 'string of pearls theory' building military presence, smart power - rise in TNCs led to large fall in poverty, 84% in 1980 to 10% in 2016 however: - their success has led to environmental costs with 70% of rivers and lakes now being polluted as well as its pollution levels accounting for 852,000 premature deaths in 2017.

Answer 85

- SE region sees high levels of economic success through its proximity next to ht capital as seen through the growing economic hub of commuter towns such as woking - poor geo-strategic location of the shale has meant that 80% of its population live on less than $2 a day - location along a belt of high-pressure weather systems this has led to presence of harsh weather and periodic drought which has led to high food insecurity - 37 million people are food insecure in the region, lack of energy to go to school which has led to poorly educated workforce - their lack of skilled and educated population has put them at risk from the debt trap diplomacy in which the Neo-colonialist activities of china exploit their vulnerable economic situation, preventing them from escaping the cycle of poverty however: the emerging nation of Nigeria has meant that there is hope for the sahel region despite the Neo-colonialist activities of China - china have invested $50 billion into the country and has allowed Nigeria to rank 27th in terms of the largest global economies

Answer 86

planning laws - greenbelt areas, facing urban sprawl - inner city areas which have faced deindustrialisation, in docklands former industrial areas goes into residential house building targets - anywhere - woking going through flats to gentrify the area, accommodate commuters affordable housing - inner-city areas didn't happen in stratford.. industry, e.g. fracking - rural areas experiencing deindustrialisation - peripheral regions

Answer 87

- conflict, hostility, cultural clash - shortage of housing - elite migrants, Russian migrants into London, the homes sit empty, dont contribute to local economy

Answer 88

- areas with high education and skills - good connectivity - semi-periphery/periphery areas

Answer 89

- when you regenerate an area focusing on retail - woking's Victoria square and stratford's westfield pros: - tends to provide a large no. of low skill jobs - you will have to improve infrastructure and built environment, landscaping, more attractive for future inward investment cons: - leads to rise in antisocial behaviour, people feel less safe in their local area - jobs are not very high earning, not suitable for all - doesnt mean jobs go to the local area, leakages, Stratford appropriate for: - urban areas - inner-city - areas with good transport links

Answer 90

- introducing tourism or leisure into an area - kielder forest with the largest man-made lake pros: - deindustrialisation allows for diversification, risk spreading economies - tends to be environmentally friendly - attracts foreign tourism , local services benefit, positive multiplier effects cons: - susceptible to external shocks, e.g. covid - seasonal, UK - tourism trends change, growing wealth means many choose to go abroad rather than to the uk for hols appropriate for: - rural areas