Globalisation

Question 1

definition of globalisation

Answer 1

it involves widening and deepening global connections, interdependence and flows through commodities, capital, information, migrants and tourism

Question 2

economic globalisation

Answer 2

• the growth of TNCs accelerates cross-border exchanges of raw materials, components and shares
• ICT supports the growth of complex spatial divisions of labour for firms and a more international economy
• online purchasing using amazon on a smartphone

Question 3

social globalisation

Answer 3

• international immigration has created extensive family networks that cross national borders, world-city societies become multi-ethnic and pluralistic
• global improvements in education and health can be seen over time, with rising life expectancy and literacy levels, although the changes are no means universal
• social interconnectivity has grown over time thanks to the spread of ‘universal’ connections such as mobile phones, the internet and email

Question 4

political globalisation

Answer 4

• the growth of trading blocs (EU, NAFTA) allows TNCs to merge and making acquisitions of firms in neighbouring countries, while reduced trade restrictions and tariffs help markets to grow
• global concerns suc has free trade, credit crunch and the global response to natural disasters
• the world bank, IMF and the WTO work internationally to harmonise national economies

Question 5

cultural globalisation

Answer 5

• ‘successful’ western culture traits com to dominate in some territories, e.g. westernisation, the ‘mcdonaldisation’ of tases and fashion
• glocalisation and hybridisation are a more complex outcome that takes places as old local cultures merge and meld with globalising influences
• the circulation of ideas and information has accelerated thanks to 24 hour reporting, people also keep in touch using virtual spaces such as facebook and twitter

Question 6

explain the role of planes in globalisation

Answer 6

• cultural globalisation, the movement of people
• movement of knowledge
• they have accelerated globalisation as it has allowed people to move all over the world, easier and quicker, they have contributed to the ‘shrinking world’

Question 7

explain the development of containerisation

Answer 7

• the ‘backbone’ of the global economy since the 1950s, with around 200 million individual container movements taking place each year, lowering costs of transport is beneficial for businesses and customers
• process is easily mechanised, containers are unload by crane, increasingly automatically. previously it was loaded manually in crates or stacks, much quicker
• dramatically sped up goods trade and reduced costs, making consumer goods cheaper , dramatically lowered the costs of ‘break bulk cargo’ (when products have to be loaded individually) as there is less time spent when products change transport type (e.g. at. dock = more trade = cheaper)
• container ships are so efficient that the transport costs of moving an iPhone or television form china to the uk is less than £1.
• shipping cost reduced as fewer days are wasted queuing at a port waiting to unload, faster transport times increase the distance perishable products can be transported, e.g. cut flowers from Kenya, opening up more distant markets and reducing losses.

Question 8

explain the effect of the shrinking world

Answer 8

the physical distance between places remains unchanged but new technologies reduce the time taken to transport goods/people/communicate information

Question 9

explain how the internet has contributed to globalisation

Answer 9

• connects people and places across the globe
• 40% of the world’s population have access to it.
• social media has led to the rapid spread of news, knowledge and opinions
• the development of social media has led to space-time compression were the cost of communicating over distance has fallen rapidly, so people can communicate regardless of distance
• social networks have allowed people to communicate instantly and without charge

Question 10

explain how electronic banking has contributed to globalisation

Answer 10

the ease of transferring money abroad

• digital economy is worth $1.5 trillion
• investment, links between other countries
• in real areas, fishermen and farmer use mobiles to check market parties before selling produce
• e banking allows migrants to transmit remittance sos money back to their own home countries

Question 11

what is ghettoisation?

Answer 11

when large groups of people from similar backgrounds (e.g. ethnicity, religion, race) locate next to each other

Question 12

explain china’s open door policy

Answer 12

• it was created in 1978 after the death of Chairman Mao
• rural farmers were given land could run it for profit
• there was a huge surge of rural to urban migration (300 million people)
• exports soared from $2 billion in 1980 to $200 billion in 2000
• SEZs were created and by the 90s, 50% of FDP was created in them
• by 2006, China was receiving $60 billion in FDI per year
• cheap rural migrant workers created the ‘workshop of the world’

Question 13

explain china’s open door approach to global flows

Answer 13

FDI from china and its TNCs is predicted to total US$1.25 trillion between 2015 and 2025 (of this, over $100 billion is for the UK)

• china agreed to export ‘more rare earths’ minerals to other countries in line with a WTO ruling
• foreign TNCs are allowed to invest in some sectors of China’s domestic markets, including its rail freight and chemical industries

Question 14

explain china’s closed door approach to global flows

Answer 14

• google and facebook have little or no access to china’s market (instead, Chinese companies like Youku provide social network services)
• china’s government sets a strict quota of only 34 foreign films to be screened in the cinema each year
• there are strict controls on foreign TNCs in some sectors, China’s government blocked Coca-Cola’s acquisition of Huiyan Juice in 2008

Question 15

what is the global shift?

Answer 15

the relocating of the global economic centre of gravity to Asia from europe and North America , over the last 30 years

Question 16

what encouraged the global shift?

Answer 16

• improvements in transport (intermodal containerisation allowed people to easily cross the Pacific to SE Asia ) and improvements in communication and the rise of the internet
• the lowering of trade barriers and economic liberalisation, opening up to FDI
• labour-intensive manufacturing was attracted to Asia by the large pool of workers willing to work for low wage rates
• flow of money around the world, online banking

Question 17

explain the change in GDP across the world

Answer 17

• the GDP is growing at a faster rate in the east than in the west
• chin has maintained its very high GDP growth rates and Indonesia has seen a very steady growth rate, highlighting the lack of globalisation
• the world’s GDP growth rate saw a large fall in 2009 due to the housing crisis in America, leading to the global financial crisis

Question 18

explain the global shift

Answer 18

1) service and admin jobs moved mainly to India, such as Bangalore.
- close links to the Uk, speaks English
- 24 hr service, time zones

2) manufacturing jobs went to China
- cheap labour, quicker, transport links, government incentives (SEZ)
- no human rights in china, exploit people

Question 19

what are the costs and benefits to the global shift in china

Answer 19

benefits

• investment in infrastructure
• reductions in poverty
• increased in urban incomes
• better education and training

costs

• the loss of productive farmland
• an increase in unplanned settlements
• pollution and health issues
• land degradation

Question 20

explain china’s investment in infrastructure

Answer 20

China has invested heavily in its infrastructure:
• It has the world’s longest highway network
• Its rail systems links ALL provinces and cities
• Its HRS has doubled in length in 10 years linking its major cities
• Shanghai’s Maglev is the fastest commercial train (268mph) taking 8mins from the CBD to the airport
• 82 airports have been built since 2000
• China is expected to spend another $19bn USD on the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau brindle, it follows and crosses the Pearl River Estuary, with two artificial islands and submarine tunnels to allow travel underneath the busy shipping route
• China spends more on economic infrastructure annually than North America and Western Europe combined

Question 21

explain the reductions in poverty that china have seen

Answer 21

• 300 million Chinese people are now considered to be middle class (pop of the USA!)
- china has contributed to over 70% of the poverty reduced across the world, making itself a country with the most people lifted out of poverty in the world
• Over the past 40 years the number of people in China living below the international poverty line has dropped by more than 850 million
• Extreme poverty has reduced from 84% in 1980 to 10% in 2016
• China created employment opportunities for 2.59 million people in china and established more than 30,000 poverty alleviation workshops

Question 22

explain the better education and training that china has encountered

Answer 22

• largest education system in the world, lots of international students coming to study in china
  • 94% of Chinese over 15 are literate compared to 20% in 1950
  • In 2014 7.2 million Chinese graduated from university – 15 times higher than in 2000.
  • Investment in education accounts for about 4% of total GDP in China, in 2009 the Chinese government passed a compulsory education law, making nine years of education mandatory for all Chinese children. it is free for all
  • Spending still varies between rural areas (£2200 to £300), through an increase in migrants coming to the city there are fears that gov spending on schools in rural areas will be neglected
  • “rural migrants skills development and employment project”, supported by the World Bank has been implemented in three provinces in China.

Question 23

explain the loss of biodiversity in china

Answer 23

• A 2015 survey carried out by the WWF found that China’s vertebrates had declined by 50%.
• The UN has identified the Yellow Sea and South China sea as the most degraded marine areas on earth.
• 36% of forests are facing pressure from urban expansion

Question 24

explain the increase in urban incomes in china

Answer 24

• Urban incomes have increased by 10% a year since 2005.
• From 2000 to 2018, disposable income per capita in China increased by around 600% for urban and rural households alike
• growing urban / rural divide, In 2018, the annual per capita disposable income of rural households in china was around a third of the income of urban households
• China now has more billionaires than in the US
• The number of high net-worth individuals has doubled between 2010 and 2014

Question 25

explain the land degradation in china

Answer 25

• Over 40% of China’s farmland is now suffering from degradation.
• The costs of actions to address land degradation in China is equal to about $24.5 billion.
• With just 7.2% of the world’s cultivated land area, China needs to feed 22% of the world’s population, this has led to the rise in over-intensive grazing has created degradation and then desertification
• The costs of cropland degradation for the three crops: wheat, maize and rice is estimated to be about $12 billion annually.

Question 26

explain the overexploitation of resources and resource pressure in china

Answer 26

• Supply cannot keep up with demand so the Chinese government are having to seek additional resources
o Amazon rainforest cleared for soy production
o Venezuela is being exploited for oil
o Coltan mining in Congo
• It consumers 4 times as much resources as the US, the second-biggest user
• China is perhaps the largest source of overfishing and illegal fishing globally with only 9% of the 4.1 million tonnes of fish that is caught off the coasts of other countries being reported for
• the largest importer of timber and the largest importer of stolen wood. An estimate says that as much as 20% of Chinese imported wood is illegally sourced.

• HOWEVER, to ease environmental strain, China has adopted measures including massive tree-planting and coral restoration campaigns, reducing the amount of illegal wastewater discharge and treating polluted rivers

Question 27

explain the pollution and health problems encountered in china

Answer 27

• 70% of China’s rivers and lakes are now polluted. 207 tributaries from the Yangtze are so polluted they cannot be used for irrigation let alone to drink.
• 100 cities suffer from extreme water shortages and 360 million people don’t have access to clean water. Tap water in some areas has 80 out of the 101 forbidden toxins under Chinese law.
• A third of the Chinese population breathes in air that would be considered unhealthy by US or European standards, the outdoor air pollution that china is exposed to has led to just under 300,000 deaths, 20 million cases of respiratory illness and therefore a health cost of around 3% of GDP annually
- 2018 study estimated that China loses $38 billion a year due to early deaths and lost food production due to air pollution

Question 28

explain the loss of productive farmland in china

Answer 28

• The environmental protection ministry has estimated that 12 million tonnes of grain are polluted by heavy metals every year
• 3 million hectares (the size of Belgium) has been polluted by heavy metal.
• Only 7% of farmland is arable land. This is emphasized through the overuse of fertilizer, intensive grazing and the reliance on biomass for rural energy.
• Rural farmers are 40% more likely to suffer from liver cancer due to their exposure to heavily polluted land and water.
- rise in middle class has led to rise in demand for meat, 70% of China’s corn is used to feed livestock rather than the population.

Question 29

why was there the global shift of manufacturing to china?

Answer 29

• few environmental laws
• developments in trade infrastructure
• high gov incentives
• SEZs which were highly specialised, agglomeration and clustering, e.g. pearl delta
• 24 hr working day, no rules of working conditions
• large population that can be exploited
• deregulation of capital markets

Question 30

why was there the global shift of services to india?

Answer 30

• comparative advantage through being a English-speaking nation
• strong colonial links, smart power, diplomacy
• favourable time zone
• young and relatively skilled population
• low wages
• tied aid, they were receiving a lot of British incentives but the money had to be spent on improving their tech

Question 31

what are the environmental positives of the global shift?

Answer 31

• better housing infrastructure
• urban landscaping
• intermodal containerisation increasing efficiency and minimising impact
• china have adopted measures including major tree planting and coral restoration campaigns, reducing the amount of illegal wastewater discharge and treating polluted rivers

Question 32

what social problems were seen in Redcar as a result of deindustrialisation

Answer 32

• unemployment, double the national average at 13%
• depopulation leading to lack of engagement and inability to reach the population threshold, not enough people to support schools and shops
• increased gov spending from the security needed to supervise the area, £100,000 a week for security, lack of money for community
• cost billions to clean up, strain on gov, can’t build houses, 10 metres down to get to good soil, all contaminated
• low skill-set, skills focused on steel industry, can’t find new employment
• Local services decline as less taxes paid to government. This reduces quality of education and hence qualifications of future generations
• £80 million to help those in unemployment become re-skilled to get jobs
• death of the high street

Question 33

what environmental problems were seen in Redcar as a result of deindustrialisation

Answer 33

• derelict land which is highly contaminated prevents future developments (lead in the soil)
• to decommission and decontaminate the area it could cost more than £1bn, decommission means to take it out of service to then decontaminate, this takes a long time
• derelict land that is highly contaminated leading to leakages in the soil that corrupts food chains and into water supplies, carcinogen levels leading to cancer
• due to the commission of the site, many compounds have decomposed into the air where offshore winds blow the pollutants towards Redcar town
• decontaminating the area could not take place until Thai bank investors were repaid £350 million
• derelict buildings is an eyesore and leads to crime and rise in travel communities due to the broken glass effect, unattractive for investment

Question 34

what happens to reoffending levels in areas such as redcar

Answer 34

in the north east there are often high reoffending levels when coming out of prison due to the lack of job opportunities and it is harder to gain financial security. the added issue that you have a criminal record makes it even harder to secure a job

Question 35

list some statistics on woking

Answer 35

• between Jan 2018 and Dec 2018 a total of 9117 crimes were reported, 1577 of these were in Woking town centre of which 390 were antisocial behaviour
• from October 2018 until september 2019, 2.1% of people were unemployed and 16.5% were self-employed
• in 2013, 24.67% of people were economically inactive

Question 36

what are the environmental impacts of rapidly growing cities/global shift

Answer 36

• sprawling slums at the city edge cause deforestation and loss of farmland
• waste management- domestic and industrial
• air pollution from factories, cars and domestic heating, link to New Delhi
• urban heat effect
• light pollution
• traffic congestion- cities grow faster than the rate at which authorities can build new routes, informal building also makes it hard to build new transport infrastructure (or proper housing)

Question 37

are the Chinese gov to blame for all the negative impacts of their growing cities?

Answer 37

• china is planning to move 250 million rural residents into newly constructed towns and cities over the next dozen years
• the number of brand-new Chinese city dwellers will near the total urban pop of the USA
• the gov are replacing small rural homes with high-rises, paving over vast areas of farmland and drastically changing the lives of rural dwellers
• new urban schools and hospitals offer modern services but often at the expense of the torn-down temples and open-air theatres of the countryside
• the ultimate goal of the modernisation plan is to fully integrate 70% of the country’s pop into city living by 2025
• former farmers are given apartments for free and money for their land but they worry what will happen when they run out
• land disputes account for thousands of protests a year, some setting themselves aflame rather than relocating
• could cause the destruction of a rural culture and religion
• central leaders are concerned that their spending will lead to inflation and bad debt
• in the 1980s, 80% of Chinese people lived in the countryside vs 47% today
• 43% of Chinese villagers said the gov has taken or tried to take their land

Question 38

what is a global hub?

Answer 38

it is a highly globally connected city that has become a focal point for activities with a global influence, such as trade (Shanghai), business (London), international governance (The Hague) or education and research (Cambridge). unlike a mega city, a global hub is recognised by its influence rather its population size. they are the best-connect areas and their international airports provide gateways elsewhere.

Question 39

what is development?

Answer 39

the improvement of quality of life (level of happiness, wellbeing resulting from a way of living) of a country’s population. quality of life includes social, economic, cultural, political, demographic and environmental aspects.

Question 40

how can the growing development gap be shown?

Answer 40

1) between countries, e.g. in 2015, people in Luxembourg had incomes of $105,000 per year in contrast to south sudan with only $220
2) within countries, e.g. in china’s coastal cities incomes per capita are over $10,000 whereas in the rural west they are under $2000

Question 41

explain the two different types of variables

Answer 41

single indicators (e.g. life expectancy, GDP per capita), measure one variable. they are easy to use and understand but may not give an accurate representation of development (aren’t very comprehensive)

composite indicators combine more than one variable into a single variable (HDI)

Question 42

explain the 3 measures of economic development

Answer 42

1) income per capita
- the mean income of a group of people
- misleading where there is high income inequality, very high income pull it up

2) GDP per capita
- the total output of goods and services produced in a country over a year divided by the total population of the country

3) Economic sector balance (composite measure)- this gives the % employed in each sector to GNI. the primary sector for the UK contributes 0.6%, in Malawi it contributes 30%.

Question 43

explain the 3 social measures of development?

Answer 43

1) HDI (human development index)- composite measure which is a combination of life expectancy, education (literacy and years in education) and GDP per capita. it shows how far people are benefiting from economic growth, It was devised by the UN.
2) GII (gender inequality index)- a composite indicator devised by the UNDP. measures gender inequalities related to women’s reproductive health (maternal mortality and adolescent fertility rate), empowerment and labour force participation (political representation in parliament and women access to higher education)
3) GHO (global health observatory)- develop can be measured through WHO air pollution levels. it usually improves as economic and social development occurs and places make the transition from industrial to post-industrial forms of economic activity, however these tend to be local and so cant be used to compare countries

Question 44

what is the HDI of Norway, China, USA, UK and Dem Repub of Congo

Answer 44

Norway- 0.954
China- 0.758
USA- 0.920
UK- 0.920
India- 0.645
DRC- 0.480

Question 45

what is the GDP per capita of Norway, China, USA, UK and Dem Repub of Congo

Answer 45

USA- $63,051
China- $10,839
UK- $39,229
India- $1877
Norway- $75,419
DRC- $580

Question 46

how do economic measures contrast with social measures?

Answer 46

• the richest countries do not often have the best social measures due to the presence of large inequality
• the Scandinavian countries seem to always top for social measures, although they are not the richest.
• in Norway they are 29th for GDP but 1st for HDI
• in USA, they are 1st for GDP but 15th for HDI
• in China they are 2nd for GDP but 85th for HDI
• social development indicators are probably better to look at as you probably won’t have a good health and equality without a strong economy, better to look at holistic approches
• different economies have different priorities and so this is why they often dont align with each other

Question 47

why aren’t china scoring high on social development?

Answer 47

• low amounts of women in government
• troubles with freedom
• population dont necessarily trust in the government
• gender quality never going to be that high

Question 48

explain the success of the Scandinavian countries in social development

Answer 48

• approached developed from a sustainable point of view, sustainable economy leading to a sustainable environment?
• Norway has the largest sovereign wealth fund, they are economically developed
• Helliwell says social support, freedom, generosity and trust in institutions are the most significant underling factors for happiness
• in Sweden there are very good unemployment benefits, 80% of last salary
• free tuition options

Question 49

explain what is gini coefficient and the overall inequality in the world

Answer 49

gini coefficient is a mathematical indicator which is measure of inequality, the closer to 0, the more equal you are. the closer to one there unequal you are.

we can see that overall the northern hemisphere is more equal than the southern hemisphere.

income inequality has increased both nationally and globally as a result of globalisation. larger gap between the rich and the poor

• china and America are not very equal often due to their political systems
• most of the major countries have become less equal since 1980 however Brazil has improved their equality. this shows the effects of globalisation.

Question 50

what are the pros and cons of using gini coefficient

Answer 50

pros:
- measures inequality rather than giving a single indicator for an entire population (e.g. GNI)

cons:
- only 1/3 of countries publish their gini coefficient

Question 51

how has globalisation created inequality/losers for people ?

Answer 51

• due to TNCs arriving through globalisation they concentrate a lot of wealth to their executives, they account for 10% of world’s annual GDP
• due to the presence of international organisations, they control power over decision making, decisions may be made to favour the rich
• china have seen rising inequalities with los of they workers having low paid jobs. they are now seeing an east-west divide. eastern mega-city wealth between Beijing and Shanghai are the poor rural western interior settlements
• the great gains made by European and American nations over the same time period has resulted in a widening of the average income gap between those in the wealthiest countries and those in the poorest.
• globalisation has been made mainly in developed and merging countries, developing countries shave been excluded from this due to a number of factors, rich are getting richer whilst the poor are getting poorer, dependency theory

Question 52

how has globalisation created equality/winners for people?

Answer 52

• if it generates higher GDP growth then there will be higher tax revenue and so this can be used to invest in reducing inequality of opportunities (education)
• it has promoted tea acceptance of previously discriminated groups, the Paralympic movement promoted the equality of disabled people
• absolute poverty has fallen worldwide
• the rising density of economic integration across national borders has made it easier for poorer countries to trade, thus reducing inequality
• the increased use of technology from globalisation has meant that there have been more connections with these poorer nations leading to the flow of ideas and the ability to trade on foreign markets, news
• globalisation has led to the increased equality for women, let girls learn project

Question 53

explain the trends in economic development from 1970 in emerging countries

Answer 53

• emerging nations represented the second wave of globalisation, only really shot up after later 1990s
• amongst the emerging countries, the GDP per capita at PPP has grown fastest in China, between 1990 and 2014 it grew by $13,000
• whilst china and India have encountered the most significant growth, they have reached the band of the richer emerging nations
• India and Pakistan have seen the slowest growth, India grew by $5000 and Pakistan grew by $3000

generally we can see that globalisation has increased economic growth in emerging nations however the speed at which it has grown depends on the country
- other than globalisation accounting for this economic growth it could’ve also been because of the discovery of a new natural resource (finding oil/gold) or if the country has adopted a more open door policy, allowing for an increase in FDI, involvement in IGOs

Question 54

explain the trends in economic development from 1970 in developing nations (Burkina Faso)

Answer 54

• although we can see that growth has occurred, it is very minimal in comparison to the other bands of economy, between 1990 and 2020 GDP per capita at PPP has grown by around $1500, very small
• they have seen a steady but gradual growth in their economy, it started to grow a bit faster from just after 2010 perhaps due to some developments in infrastructure
• perhaps their economic growth has been slower in comparison to richer nations due to them often having unstable Govs, lack of infrastructure, based on single industry, Burkina Faso is landlocked and so it is very hard for them to develop, cannot benefit from the benefits of trade, world bank funded an airport

Question 55

explain the trends in economic development in developed countries (USA and South Korea)

Answer 55

• we can overall say that since globalisation occurred, GDP per capita has risen at a quicker rate
• in 1970 they had a GDP per capita of around $24000, by 2010 it had reached $48,000, growth of 100%
• there was an anomalie in 2007 due to the financial crisis where we saw GDP per capita fall by around $3000
• there have been small anomalies around twice a decade
• globalisation has had a greater impact here due to the increased trade in foreign market, large number of TNCs locating here through the connectivity in which it offers, footloose industries, development in transport has led to tourism industry being worth $1.3 trillion, many alliances

south korea

• an original tiger economy
• deregulated markets, clear plan, good infrastructure, high education

Question 56

what are factors that affect whether countries will be affected more or less by globalisation?

Answer 56

• political ideologies (totalitarian vs capitalism)
• economic development (infrastructure)
• natural resources, climate and geo-strategic location
• differing gov policies on open/closed door flows, e.g. death of Chinese president in 1978 led to surge in open flows
• human development (health and education)

Question 57

explain the case of chad in terms of how it has benefited from globalisation

Answer 57

• in sub-saharan africa, one of the poorest countries, scores very low on HDI
• globalisation did not rlly have an impact on them, they didn’t really have any economic activity before 2004 where they saw a rapid increase
• perhaps this is the case due their lack of industries and infrastructure, they were far from attractive from investors, low-skilled population and no infrastrcture in place
• the growth in 2004 could’ve been due to a new airport yo be able to export, he gov could’ve embraced a more export-led economy, they may have transitioned into secondary industry due to investment from the world bank

Question 58

what are the 2 main environmental issues of globalisation

Answer 58

forest cover

emissions

Question 59

explain the environmental issue of forest cover from globalisation

Answer 59

• forest loss has major links to globalisation as it is often redeveloped to make room for housing developments, offices, roads and transport links, the more we globalise the more we are transitioning to urban areas
• forest cover of the sugar-producing philippine island of Negros has reduced from over 90% to just 4%, with 2/3 of this lost in the last 50 years
• in drought-prone parts of Kerala, India, groundwater extraction for the bottled drinks industry has exhausted underground aquifiers
• since 1990, global forested area has shrunk by 2 million square miles with many losses in South America and sub-saharan africa
• the amazon rainforest one of the most important carbon sinks has faced intense pressure from human activity
• between 1990 and 2005, Vietnam lost a staggering 78% of its primary forests, despite being one of the world’s top-ten biodiversity centres

Question 60

explain the environmental issue of emissions from globalisation

Answer 60

• the largest producers of CO2 are china and USA. China account for 27.2% and USA for 14.6%. some suggest that in order to succeed economically you need to manufacture, this evolves emitting carbon, some say that the release of fossil fuel emissions is an inevitable part of being successful
• people would argue that the money you make from the globalisation process should be invested in renewable energy
• there is a correlation between those with the highest GDP and those who emit the most. they manufacture a lot and have high consumerisation and so produce more co2
• the more economically developed a country is the easier it would be to adapt towards sustainable production but in reality they are often the biggest emitters

Question 61

explain other environmental issues of globalisation

Answer 61

• china has a large amount of endangered species, country with nearly the highest amount, habitats are being destroyed for development, illegal hunting to earn money
• large scale flows of cheap food are good for europe and N America but the move to productive agricultural land has led to habitat loss and biodiversity decline on a continental scale
• intensive cash cropping, cattle ranching and aquaculture have has devastating impacts from groundwater depletion to the removal of mangrove forests
• mangrove swamps have been cleared to make space for prawn agriculture, since 1980 there has been a 700% increase in production for supermarkets
• Chnogquing on the Yangtze River is at the heart of economic developments around the Three Gorges Dam. it is one of china’s dirtiest cities and its air causes many premature deaths. 1/4 of the time, its air quality doesn’t reach the gov’s own safety standard
• 40% of the earths surface is now used for food production creating habitat loss and biodiversity decline

Question 62

what are the reasons why one may say globalisation can be sustainable? (social, economic, environmental)

Answer 62

social

• the promotion of human rights and the flow of info about working conditions has meant that countries are becoming socially sustainable
• groups like the first nations have managed to protect their culture and community

economic
- economic integration allows for free trade and the connectivity means that there is a secure market

environmental

• it encourages innovation and so packaging can change to become more biodegradable
• the promotion of the need to help the planet and climate change through media has led to immense pressure on businesses

Question 63

what are the reasons why one may say globalisation can not be sustainable? (social, economic, environmental)

Answer 63

social

• it has widened inequalities, rich get rich and poorer get poorer leading to formation of informal settlements
• services cannot keep up with the rate of pop increase from globalisation, not enough schools and healthcare due to natural increase of migrants

economic

• the rate at which we are growing is unsustainable, rapid growth of cities
• businesses are solely focused on profit maximisation and so leave sustainability behind

environmental

• increased consumerism and growing wealth is not sustainable for our planet, living on the amount of 1.5 planets resources, over consuming
• the rate at which we are growing is unsustainable, land degradation, pollution, depletion of natural resources

cultural

• the growing difficulties of sustaining culture, cultural erosion, westernisation
• flow of people has damaged the culture, destroying temples for infrastructure, breaking up tribes

Question 64

outline the winners and losers of globalisation

Answer 64

Winners:

• There were about 1800 billionaires worldwide in 2016; most have made their wealth through ownership of global TNCs
• Developed countries have proven very good at maintaining their wealth, despite the rise of emerging countries like China
• The rising middle class of factory and call centre workers in Asia, whose incomes have risen as they have gained outsources and offshored jobs.
• People who work for TNCs in developed countries who have a high income and reasonable job security, although they lead high-stress lives.

Losers

• Isolated, rural populations in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where subsistence farming still dominates and global connections are thin.
• Workers (especially male ones) in old industrial cities in the developed world who have generally lost jobs.
• Workers in sweatshop factories in emerging countries; they suffer exploitation (but may still be better off than in the rural areas they migrated from)
• Slum dwellers in developing world cities like Lagos, as the reality of urban life is often much worse than they expected.

Question 65

why has deindustrialisation taken place?

Answer 65

• peripheral regions have a lack of gov investment meaning they are no longer economically viable
• the global shift in manufacturing meant it was cheaper (blast mining in Australia) to outsource/offshore, not really positive with heavy industries, importing was cheaper than producing yourself
• deregulation of markets meant foreign companies bought industries and outcompeted British companies

the northern heavy industry couldn’t diversify and set up there next to the coast in order to locate near the resources

Birmingham’s textile industry, penines led to jobs of sheep farmers, led to textile industry

Question 66

why do social figures of development and economic figures contrast?

Answer 66

• political ideologies, capitalism prioritises making money, socialism prioritises social development
• culture, the Pacific islands dont value money as much as others, e.g. Costa Rica prioritising the environment
• money can’t buy happiness, trust in government, happiness and the economy do not go hand in hand
• engagement and attachements affect QOL, due to low governmental trust as seen in capitalism
• if you want to quickly develop you will look at economic development rather than social
• different stages of development focus on developing different things

Question 67

how has widening inequality created winners and losers for people and the environment in developed nations?

Answer 67

San Francisco/London vs Redcar

WINNERS
Social
- rise in migration, cultural diversity
- steady growth of health and services particularly in urban areas
- better rural connectivity 

environment

• increased transport infrastructure
• growth in the built environment

LOSERS
Social
- areas which were dependent on heavy industries experiencing deindustrialisation and depopulation
- the poor who are unskilled

environment
- landscape scarring and contamination post industrial era

Question 68

how has widening inequality created winners and losers for people and the environment in emerging nations?

Answer 68

East vs West China

WINNERS
Social
- rising middle class meaning QOL is improving and services become more available
- rapid economic growth

Environment

• built environment and transport growing
• better connectivity to peripheral/rural areas

LOSERS
Social
- growing inequality
- rise in the exploitation of unskilled workers in manufacturing

environment

• declining natural environment
• rapid industrialisation has led to high air pollution and contamination

Question 69

how has widening inequality created winners and losers for people and the environment in developing nations?

Answer 69

Kenya vs DRC

WINNERS
Social
- growth is steady but very slow

Environment
- improved infrastructure in urban areas

LOSERS
Social
- growing inequality

Environment

• rural areas remain remote and inaccessible
• deforestation and degradation as raw materials are extracted

Question 70

what are the pros and cons of the global shift of services to india

Answer 70

economic
positives:
- generated infrastructure investment that enabled the clustering and agglomeration of technology services, resulting in a tech-hub city in bangalore
- Indian outsourcing companies have become extremely profitable, Infosys had revenues of US$9 billion in 2015 and is one of the top 20 global companies for innovation
- attracted FDI that enabled industry diversification, e.g. pharmaceuticals and WHO research facilities

negatives:

• Much of investment came from tied aid meaning that economic growth was structured by other countries and so they were highly dependant
• Inequality has widened sharply, india has more billionaires than in the UK but it also has more people living in absolute poverty than all of Africa, in 2015 half a billion Indians lived in homes without a toilet

social
pros:
- ¼ of the wages are better than in the US, more engineering graduates coming out of India than the US
- The rise in a new Indian ‘techno-elite’ as a result of the rise in call centres, improvements in QOL
cons:
- Some call centre workers complain they are exploited, harsh working conditions where they work for the whole night due to time zone differences

Question 71

how can trends in environmental management be related to outcomes of globalisation?

Answer 71

• afforestation projects in developed countries, north of the Brandt line
• south sees large deforestation rates
• developed nations have made so much money that they can now invest in the environment, reached a certain level of Rostow’s model
• differing gov priorities, EU place large emphasis on clean energy, china try to offset whilst still emitting lots
• Marrakesh agreement, developed nations helping the developing go renewable