regeneration Flashcards
What is a place?
Location plus meaning
What is deprivation? What factors are measured by it?
The extent to which individuals lack the basic necesities to live a decent quality of life. The index of multiple deprivation measures: employment, education, health, crime, and barriers to housing and services
What are the characteristics of a successful place?
High rates of employment, inward migration, low levels of multiple deprivation.
Why might some people disagree of the success of a place?
High property prices and high demand for skills may discriminate against residents who lack the skills to work in the high skilled industries. Older, long term residents may want a slower more traditional life that comes in conflict with economic centres.
What are the two examples of a successful place?
Sydney and San-Fransisco
What makes Sydney a successful place?
- High inward migration - over 30% of Sydneys population was born overseas, high inward migration brings in high skilled workers who contribute to the economy massively, through spending and through working
- TNCs and financial services - Sydney is the leading financial sector in the Asia-Pacific region. 31% of Sydneys Gross Regional Product is from the financial sector (such as Commbank). More than 600 multinational companies run their Asia-Pacific operations in Sydney. This brings high levels of inward investment into the area. This supports the economy by creating jobs, improiving local infrastructure and by improving productivity. Therefore all residents benefit from this investment
What are the problems Sydeny experiences?
- High inward migration brings extremely high demand for housing, making the city very expensive too live in (according to Forbes it is the second least affordable city for housing in the world).
- The ‘latte line’ shows the boundary which divides the East and West of Sydney. With the South-West not experiencing the economic benefits that the North-East has had. There is a gap of nearly 30% between poverty rates
What makes San Fransisco a successful place?
- Silicone Valley, which headquaters companies such as X, facebook and google. This creates demand for high skilled workers. The average income for San fransisco was $65,000. Unemployment is low at 3.5% (2023)
Why could this sucess be a problem?
High demand for skills could barr low skilled workers from living comfortably and getting a stable income, pushing them into poverty. There are about 8000 homeless people in san fransisco
What is the rust belt and why is considered a less successful region?
The Rust-Belt is the former industrial heartland of the USA, in the North-East region around the great lakes. Once the largest manufacturing region in the world, specialising in Steel and Cars, Free trade and globalisation has meant that many companies abbandonded works in the region to produce in countries with lower costs such as China. This economic restructing has lead structural unemployment. The average income in Detroit was just $24,000, people moved out to find employment else where (1950-2010 inner Detroit lost 60% of it’s population). crime is the sevond highest in the USA. Detroit had an unemployment rate of 10.7% in Jan 2025
What is the spiral of decline?
What was turnout in Chesham and Amersham in 2024?
73%, much higher than the 59.7% uk average
What is voter apathy?
When people lose faith or interest in the democratic process so choose not to engage in it.
What factors influence engagement in a local place? Link to Cornwall
- Age - a quater of Cornwalls population is retired. retired people have more time to engage in local community projects.
- Ethnicity - Peoplee from overseas are less likely to feel atacthment to a place
- Gender - woman tend too engage in community progects more than men
- length of residence - The longer someone has lived in a place, the more they feel their identity is intertwined with it and thus foster a deeper connection with it. short term residents such as students, will view the location as more of an area compared to a place, so will care less about the local community and thus will engage with it less.
- Deprivation - those who are deprived will feel greater political apathy - they believe they are not listened to by the political elite and feel isolated. They disnegage in politics and the local community, meaning politicians have less reason to listen to them as they are less likely to turn out. This creates a cycle of disengagmenent in the poor.
Why does the percieved need for regenartion vary
The perceived need for regeneration varies across geographic spaces due to a complex interplay of socio-economic inequalities, spatial justice, and urban resilience. Areas marked by economic deprivation, social exclusion, and infrastructural decay tend to exhibit a heightened demand for regeneration, driven by a lack of capital and opportunities for upward mobility, often exacerbated by historical disinvestment and the spatial concentration of poverty. In contrast, more affluent or gentrified areas may perceive regeneration through a lens of enhancing urban aesthetics or functionality rather than addressing fundamental needs, reflecting a difference in access to resources and political capital. This divergence is also shaped by geographic factors such as location within urban hierarchies, demographic shifts, and the local governance landscape, with regeneration narratives often influenced by the ideologies of dominant stakeholders, thus generating varied perceptions and responses across space.
What is regeneration?
regernation is a long term process which aims to improve the social, economic and enviromental characterisitics of a place where the market has failed.
Which players are involved in regeneration?
Local players - community groups, local councils
national players - national government
international - intergovernmental organisations, TNCs
What policies does the National Government use to regenerate regions?
- Infrastructure investment
- degregulation
- Subsidies
- Migration policy
What is HS2? What are the reasons behind it?
HS2 is a new railway line aimed to connect London with the Midlands, mainly Birmingham.
The project, which is expected to cost around £66 billion, will aim to decrease commuting times between regions in the uk, and therefore increase productivity. It will improve access to key infrastructure and provide many jobs
What are the benefits of HS2? What are the negatives/conflicts created
Pros
* Increased infrastructure connectivity between core regions like London to Birmingham and the midlands should make investment more attractive
* traffic congestion has a serious impact on productivity - London is the most congested city in Europe, and by 2025 traffic congestion will cost the uk £22 billion in lost time
* 31,000 jobs are created, which creates an economic mulitplier
Cons and conflicts
* opponents argue that it may only benefit london as people will only travel to their and vice versa
* enviromental groups/local groups object due to the damage it will cause and has caused to chilterns area of outstanding natural beauty
What occured during the deregulation of capital markets?
Margret Thatchers conservative government in 1987 deregulated the financial markets in an event known as the big bang. This had the impact of allowing foreign banks to invest and set up in London, and transformed the London docs (and argubly the uk economy) to a financial hub. This aided the regeneration of Inner London, as it provided a new core industry to replace that lost by global shift in the docklands.
What housing targets have been set and why does this create conflict
Labour has pledgded to create 1.5 million homess by 2029. Some argue this is needed to aleviate stress on the housing market, and bring prices down for the rapidly rising ppopulation. This creates conflicts with local groups who may wish to preserve the tranquility of a place and protect the green belt.
Why may a government encourage immigration? Why may it be contreversial?
net migration between June 2023-2024 was 728,000. Migration can fill skill shortages, and help replace an aging workforce. However, it remains a deeply decisive issue due to the worries many local groups have over the extent to which is erodes the cultural norms and traditions of the UK. Some believe that it exacerbates stresses in the public sector, food and housing and they fear they are being left behind. However, it is a core principle of Modern - liberal economic theory that the free movement of people aids the efficient allocation of resources, and the increase the size of the labour force increases the long run productive capacity of the economy.
What influence does a local government have on regeneration?
Some regeneration can be a bottom-up approach, where local governments and organisations are the main driving force behind regeneration.
What is an example of a local buisness park created by a local organisation?
Newquay aerohub buisness park
* local development order means cost of start up is less expensive, making investment more attractive
* it was europes first horizontal launch site for a small satelite
* moves cornwall away from the primary sector and provides year round, high pay high skill jobs
What different local groups influence calls for regeneration and how can conflict arrise from them?
Chambers of commerce, and trade unions such as the NFU may call for increased investment in the local economy to stimulate economic activity. However, local enviromental preservations groups such as the chiltern society will have diiffering views, looking to preserve the local enviroment as their main priority.
What is rebranding?
Changing the perception of a regenerated area to make it more attractive to a variety of players. This includes creating or changing it’s identity and removing negative perceptions attatched to the place.
Why is rebranding and regeneration interdependent?
For regeneration to be successful, people need to be aware of the improvements for it to have the biggest impact. Conversly, rebranding can only be successful if the area hass fundementally adressed the socio-economic probems that the area previously faced. Thus, developers must must address both factors when making decisions about local projects.
What rebranding has occured in Glasgow?
Glasgow uses it’s industrial past to create a tourist attraction and deep cultural heritage. Scotland with style’ is a new tourist phrase. The Titan crane on Clydebank is now a tourist attraction. it was European capital of culture in 1990, and now has internationally recognised museums such as the science museum.
Why is cornwall in need of regeneration?
Cornwall is what we refer to as the post production countryside. It’s tradtional economy was based around the primary sector, which has become increasignly obselete for a variety of reasons:
* Revenue generated by farming has fallen, as supermarkets compete to push down prices as much as possible. Farmers in cornwall are unable to compete with overseas mega farms in spain. Farming is no longer subsidsed to the same extent since we have left the EU
* Mining of tin and copper has collapsed due to supplies running out and cheaper competition from overseas
What is the problem of Cornwalls modern day economy?
Modern day cornwall is very reliant on tourism - these jobs are poorly paid, part time and seasonal. This makes employment in cornwall unattractive for youth, leading to outward migration and brain drain. More than 25% of Cornwalls population was 65+ in 2021.
Why is rebranding needed in rural areas?
The fall in the viability of the primary sector means that rural regions such as cornwall have to find a new identity to keep up with the changing economic landscape of britain in the 21st century. Rural areas may be seen as less exciting to visit, especially for the youth. They may be viewed negatively by investors so it is important for local and national governments to change this perception.
What rebranding stratergies have been used in Cornwall (and other rural areas)?
- Watergate bay, near newquay in cornwall - offers lessons in extreme sports such as climbing and surffing. It frequently hosts the Northern Hemisphere Surfing championships. This attracts younger tourists who possibly would have been put off visiting cornwall due to perceptions of it being boring - increased tourism brings a positive mulitplier effect
- farm diversification - especially in well connected rural areas - Milkhope center in Northumberland is located about 8km north of newcastle. Infrastructureand connectivess important role though. Can use traditional farming methods to provide a more boutique experience
- Can tap into local heritage - Bronte country in yorkshire, birthplace of the bronte sisters. attracted 11.8million visitors in 2018.
Why could rebranding be said to be less effective for conrwall?
Very focussed on increasing tourism numbers, which does not address route problem for cornwall (lack of year round economy)
What regeneration stratergies have been used in cornwall?
Aerohub buisness park (enterprise zone) - created to help diversify the economy and provide jobs in the quaternary sector, which helps aleviate the reliance on tourism. Located next to newquay airport, the enterprise zone has benefited from no planning restrictions, buisness rate cuts of up to 100% and the instlation of superfast broadband. It deals with a variety of aeronautical buisnesses, it created 450 new jobs by 2015 (although this is less thna was originally aimed).
How does success of rural regeneration vary between stakeholders
For local residents, success is probably seen as a balance between preserving the areas heritage aswell as economically developing the area as a means to improve quality of life (the balance between them will depend on age)
For buisness groups, investors and younger residents, success will depend on whether the regeneration and rebranding has created opportunities to earn a decent living, while older residents and enviromental groups may oppose the increased tourism that rebranding brings - bronte county - the massive number of visitors will put pressure on the tranquility of the area and infrastructure, especially around honeypot sites.
chesham case study - location
Buckinghamshire, 26 miles NW of central London
chesham idenity
community events, markets, hats off chesham
chesham economic activites
63% economically active, trade 14.1%, full time eductation 12%, 23% professional management
chesham land use
recreational - Lowndes park
chesham - politics
2021 election - lib dem 53%, Sarah Green MP
chesham - international links
twinned market town, spain, germany, france, 7th least deprived on IMD out of 33
chesham - ethnic composition
84 % white british , 9.6% asain
chesham - health
50.9 - good healthy , 3.9% bad health, more women in good health than men
chesham - functional changes
no changes, remained as a market town, perhaps more towards a commuter town
chesham - crime
worst buckinghamshire small town for weapons possesion
chesham - avergae age
40 in 2021
stratford - functions
2012 olympics, east london, newham borough
stratford - identity
1800s history, chruches ALSO markets on fridays and saturdays
stratford - economic activity
72.1%, 9% more than Chesham
stratford land use
primarily retail / buisness
stratford - regional
24.7% commute to work, 55.9% work at home
stratford - politics
Labour, Lyn Brown MP
stratford - international
Capital city, london, newham also twinned with germany, 3rd most deprived on IMD
stratford - economic characteristcs
38% managerial positions
stratford- ethinictiy
48% born in uk, white british 17%, asian 14%
stratford - health
42.9% good health, 5.6% in bad health
statford - inequalities
30% neighbourhoods in deprivation in newham of 164
stratford - functional changes
recreational tourist led area, londons primary retial due to westfields
startford - future changesz
2000 new home by newham council afforable 50%
london docklands regen - reasons
due to deregulations of markets, land use change from moving away from shipping to quatetnary sector
infastrucure investment in london docklands
Jublille line was extended to canary wharf in 1999, london city airport 5km away docklands light railway (DLR)
london docklands functional change
100,000 people commute, immigration to east end into newham bourough making it the most ethnically diverse, gentrification
london docklands - critisicms
mainly focused on economic opp from secondary to 3 + 4,
newham is still most deprived borough, LDDC had more power than local government
canning town - need for regen
37.6% adults in full time work, lots of unafforable housing 71.6% rented in 2001, lack of socail services, poor education
canning town - catch scheme
10,000 new homes built, investment un town center, elizabeth line in 2022, focused on community led regen and aims to create a mix of private and concuil housinf
link between london docklands and CATCH scheme
20 mins away by train, increased economic development in canary wharf led to more tax revenue so more investment for local council, canning town focused on keeping socail characteristics same
liverpool one , year and how much invested
900 million in 2008, retail led regen
liverpool waters
65km long , investment from china due to it being twinned with shanghi
liverpool waters - functional changes
moved towards 4 sector with investment in univeristy, science park in 2006
