regeneration Flashcards
What is regeneration?
redeveloping former industrial areas or out dated housing to bring about economic and social change. regenerations plans focus on the fabric of a place : new buildings and spaces with new purposes
What is rebranding?
ways in which a place is deliberately reinvented for economic reasons, and then marketed using it’s new identity to attract new investors
What is enquiry question 1?
How and why do places vary?
What are the types of job sectors?
primary (raw materials)
Secondary (manufacturing)
Tertiary (service sector)
Quaternary (specialist services)
What are the types of employment?
full time
part time
temporary
permanent
employed
self employed
What is the definition of site?
piece of land upon the settlement is built
What is the definition of situation?
position in relation to the surrounding human and physical features
What are the current issues in hertford?
traffic, air quality, crime and safety, environmental concerns (gravel extraction around Hertford), redevelopment projects (Birchely Green, BEAM theatre)
What is the site of Hertford?
based in south east of england and is based in Goldings woods
What is the situation of Hertford?
very close to London with transport links with A roads. the geology of hertford is diverse (clay, sand, gravel and chalk)
How many secondary schools are there in Hertford?
3
What is the population of hertford?
29400
What are the factors in the index of multiple deprivation?
income
employment
education
health
crime
barriers
What is qualitative data?
opinion based
What is quantitive data?
number based
Define deindustrialisation
loss of industry in local areas due to government policy to import products
Define depopulation
loss of majority of population due to ‘push’ factors such as lack of employment, declining housing conditions and declining access to services
Define deprivation
an area where the people lack basic needs such as employment and services
Define de-multiplier effect
overall impact of a loss of employment and population in an area
Define brownfield sites
areas previously built and currently derelict land
Define the multiplier effect
improving economic growth, quality of life and aesthetics of an area by investment in one sector that promotes improvement across other sectors
What are the four different functions of a place that effect employment, business, built environment and industries
Administrative (areas that control how development happens)
Commercial (strong business influence)
retail (markets, shopping centres, etc)
industrial (industrial capacity effects economy and reputation)
Define demographic
as the function of a place changes so might the characteristics of it’s population (age, ethnicity)
Define gentrification
is a change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into location ( e.g. poorer communities displaced due to increasing property values from rebranding etc)
What are factors that influence Manchester as a place?
BBC moves offices to Salford, industrial decline due to global shift, rise of china, 1996 IRA bombing (catalyst for regeneration), creation of northern power house, 2002 common wealth games, TNC investment, focus on privatisation
What are factors that influence Hertford as a place?
clustering of hight tech industries
green belt policy
What are factors that influence Manchester and Hertford as a place?
investment in infrastructure, london’s dominance as a global financial centre, rail policy in Uk, education policy and investment in Uk, migration from common wealth, Globalisation, rise of British empire, membership of EU, migration from Eastern Europe
What is identity?
who you are, decisions, aspects decided by external factors, in places undergoing rapid change identity becomes increasingly important
What are some examples of identity?
Social class, sexual identity (e.g gay village in canal street Manchester), consumerism, football team (man u v man city), social media, migration of other communities into area (Bangladesh community in brick lane), Youths and hoodies (associating with identity of gang), subcultures (hipsters)
What is Hertford’s identity?
county town, middle class, many commuters, independent shops and restaurants, historic
What is Manchester’s identity?
working class (working bee logo) community, heritage
What percentage of people in Manchester have a level 4 qualification?
34%
What percentage of people in Manchester are students?
34.2%
What percentage of people in Manchester work from home?
35%
What percentage of people in Manchester are unemployed?
5.1%
What percentage of people in Manchester live in flats/apartments?
28%
What percentage of people in Manchester are white?
57%
What is the population of Manchester?
55200
What is the age distribution like in Manchester?
Highest in 20-24
Lowest in 80-84
What is the age distribution like in Hertford?
highest in 45-49
Lowest in 20-24
What percentage of people in Hertford live in whole housing?
70.5%
What percentage of people in Hertford apartments/flats?
29.3%
What percentage of people in Hertford are unemployed?
2.8%
What percentage of people in Hertford work from home?
45.3%
What percentage of people in Hertford are students?
18.5%
What percentage of people in Hertford have a level 4 qualification?
43.8%
What percentage of people in Hertford are white?
82%
What significant historical events happened to Manchester that changed it?
IRA bombing
Cottonopolis
BBC move to Salford
Deindustrialisation (1980’s)
What significant historical events happened to Hertford that changed it?
Slums in Birchely green
Birchely green failed regeneration
Corn exchange
Hertford theatre
Lots of textile industries and beauty industries replacing family owned businesses
What is bad about derelict land?
weakens cities image and so decline in tourism rates
What are the targets of regeneration?
reduce unemployment, improve community safety, improve health and wellbeing, increase education attainment, improve housing conditions
What are the four phases of regeneration?
1.scoping phase
2.planning phase
3.financing phase
4.implamentation phase
What was the land like before Etihad stadium was built on top of it?
coal mines, industrial area with power plant, 1990’s saw factories vanishing, poor housing quality, population decrease, terraced housing
how much could you buy a terraced house in area before Etihad stadium built?
£5000
How much did the population decrease from and to after deindustrialisation where Etihad stadium was built?
(1951) 100 000 to (2001) 30 000
What were the statistics like before the Etihad stadium built?
unemployment (8.2%) death (50% higher than average), lung cancer (twice national), 68% of children under 5 suffered from dental issues
Who funded the regeneration of the Etihad stadium area?
EU, city council, home and community agency
What were the benefits of the Etihad stadium development?
safer walking and cycling routes at night especially, 2600 jobs for locals, 983 permanent staff, 70% employed locally, 46% reuse of materials
What are the drawbacks of the Etihad stadium development?
- trams not big enough to transport all spectators
-congestion due to matches
-prolonged construction
-£365 million private investment
What is enquiry question 2 of regeneration?
why might regeneration be needed?
what is cumulative causation?
a process usually triggered by new industry which attracts employees and supporting companies such as those involved with supplies, infrastructure and leisure
what are the advantages of cumulative causation?
good places get better
a positive or upward spiral
desirability attracts inward migration and investment
what are the disadvantages of cumulative causation?
could lead to two tier economy
could be skill shortage
this growth occurs at the expense of other places
what is a two tier economy?
The two-tier system highlights economic inequalities within a region, with significant differences in income, employment opportunities, and quality of life between the tiers.
Example: United Kingdom, Financial services in London (primary tier) vs. post-industrial areas in the North (secondary tier)
What is a gated community?
a community which is shut out from bigger community of area
Why is Hertford successful?
proximity in relation to London, services in area, transport links, regeneration and investment
Why is Manchester successful?
transport links (road)
diversity of culture and ethnicity
investment from BBC in Salford
Etihad stadium regeneration and investment
Why is Sydney successful?
overseas owned banks and TNC’s leading to financial centre for Asia-Pacific region
450 000 business in Sydney
young economically active workforce
low levels of deprivation with general high employment and income
most knowledge economy employees are footloose(not tied to raw materials) so can locate anywhere
What changes occurred in Sydney due to it’s success?
population creased 400 000 due to internal migration
1.2 million British born people now live in Australia
30% of Sydneys population come from over seas
250 different languages spoken
what were the costs of sydneys success?
expensive to live there due to demand for property
residents have second highest purchasing power
What is the USA rust belt?
decline in metal manufacturing
what were the reasons for decline in the Rust belt USA?
over seas companies produce cheaper coal and steel
mining companies have mechanised to cut costs (job loses)
low wages in South-Eastern USA
gone under spiral of decline and economic restructuring with high income jobs in primary and secondary being replaced with low wages tertiary and local government
What problems did the decline in the rust belt area USA cause?
population declined
high unemployment and crime + drugs
reduced revenue for councils as consumer spending falls
What is the case study for spiral of decline?
Middelsborough
What caused Middlesborough to go into spiral of decline?
deindustrialisation in 1980’s, less money spent on housing and maintenance, high levels of antisocial behaviour, chain stores closed, unemployment twice the national average, 20, 000 people left town since 1990, often given ‘needs improvement’ by Ofsted in schools, in bottom 10% of all deprived areas
what factors cause engagement in a community to vary?
age
gender
ethnicity
length of residency
levels of deprivation
How does age effect sense of attachment?
young adults more happy to move
couples with families more likely to engage
moving to stay in area
How does ethnicity effect sense of attachment?
could lead to strong attachment when clustered
Example: brick lane
language barriers=less engagement
moving places temporarily (migration)
only 55% of ethnic minority decide to vote
how does length of residency effect sense of attachment?
lived experiences
temporary residence
longer person has lived in the place the more attached they will be
how will levels of deprivation effect sense of attachment?
if less satisfied means less engagement
could lead to fewer community opportunities
close knit communities in high deprivation areas
feeling resentment towards government could lead to less voting
more time working so less engagement
how does gender effect sense of attachment?
women often report being less safe in environments and areas
lived experiences can impact attachment (more masculine or feminine areas)
social roles (stereotypical) men feel more attached to work/leisure activities women more family orientated (e.g. baby groups)
What was the aims of the HS2 railway?
facilitate regional economic growth by improving connectivity, job creation and boost accessibility
What was the aims of the north west runway?
connectivity, job creation, boost accessibility
What was the aims of the planning laws on greenbelt?
allow companies to built on green belt to give them space and move out of London to improve air quality and density
What was the aims of the house building targets?
build 360 000
What was the aims of the house accessibility ?
make houses more accessible to first time buyers
What are the pros of the HS2 investment?
low carbon alternative, improved journey times, 60 000 construction jobs
What are the pros of the north-west runway in Heathrow?
create 77000 jobs, would allow better trade, introduce legal environments targets, 700 extra planes to help with demand
What are the pros of the green belt planning laws?
encourages redevelopment of deindustrialised areas, affordable homes in south east London, reduces cost on land
What are the pros of the house building targets?
demand for housing decreases so affordability is better, more space for skilled workers
What were the cons of the HS2 investment?
passes through AONB, communities along route won’t benefit as no intermediate station, destruction of natural woodland, didn’t develop north
What were the cons of investment into north-west runway?
noise pollution, demolition of village (76 homes), construction disruption
What were the cons of the planning laws on greenbelt?
environmental concerns, affordability of homes
What were the cons of the house building targets?
needs more schools, pressure on local environment, high divorce rates
What were the cons of housing affordability?
affordability issues
What are the planning laws for the greenbelt?
restrictions force people to regenerate brownfield sites and stopping urban sprawl, if removed would allow businesses to build on green belt
What year did the Christmas markets start?
1999
How many stalls are open during the Christmas markets in Manchester?
300
What kind of partnership is used to fund the Christmas markets?
private-public partnership
What is the Manchester BID?
business improving district
consortium of 400 leading retail and restaurant brands
aim is to support city centres vibrancy and economic success by bringing businesses together
What are the sustainable development goals?
clean water and sanitation
quality education
no poverty
zero hunger
good health and well being
gender equality
affordable and clean energy
reduced inequalities
decrease unemployment
infrastructure improved
What is deregulation?
reduction in rules around trading and investment
What are the two changes made in deregulation?
instead of Lindon stock exchange having monopoly on all chares, dealings, any bank, financial adviser or even individuals could trade in shares
Barriers stopping over sea banks removed
How did deregulation transform UK economy?
banking, financial and business account for 30% of UK’s GDP
What problems still remain from the London docklands regeneration?
those in poor health are often unable to work and are concentrated in low cost social housing (remains)
Borough of Tower Hamlets had lowest average life expectancy
What is the globalised world?
cities need to think creatively to keep attracting visitors and investment
What are the two elements needed for a successful rebranding?
regeneration
Re-imaging
What is the living like after the regeneration and rebranding of Liverpool?
now has cruise terminal with hotels as well as apartments £ 5.5 million. Also attracting Shanghai tower (tallest outside of London)
What is the technology like after the regeneration and rebranding of Liverpool
Liverpool’s knowledge Quarter is a quaternary sector including a science park and life science (centre parcs with Liverpool John University)
What is the retail like after the regeneration and rebranding of Liverpool
2008 city centre regenerated a £900 million shopping hub. Top 5 most popular retail destinations in the UK
What is the culture and arts like after the regeneration and rebranding of Liverpool
rebranded air ports, focus on beetles, 2008 Liverpool European capitol of culture (£4 billion in arts and infrastructure investment)
What is the heritage like after the regeneration and rebranding of Liverpool?
Albert Docks- owners focused on repairing wartime damage
-used to attract private sector investment, had high priority restoring buildings, gates repaired and left, tall ship races, Merseyside Maritime Museum, £100 million cost, world heritage site
Why was the regeneration in Glasgow needed?
- was key port location for trading along Atlantic
- 20% of all ships in world made here with 70 000 working in ship building
-industrial decline cue to growth of cars and aeroplanes
-1970 servere industrial decline, 142K lost jobs, replaced slums with tower blocks nut poorly designed, 1/3 population left, high crime rates
What were the successes in rebranding Glasgow?
-used of pre existing buildings
-funded leisure activities (concert hall)
-Clyde water front £5 billion to regenerate with museum and bridges
-Tourists big win but locals struggle to access new leisure activities
-1981=unemployment (16.9% compared to 5.3% in 2021)
-2 million tourists a year
-23 000 jobs in financial sector
what are the issues facing cornwall?
declining population
accessibility issues
particular ‘image’
post production countryside
diversification
Ways rebranding and regeneration has been carried out in rural areas?
farm diversification
outdoor pursuits and adventures
garden attractions (Eden project)
foodie restaurants
BT relocates to Devon
Businesses move to area as cheaper in rural
heritage and literacy associations (e.g. game of throne tours in Northern island)
how many tourists are there each year in Cornwall?
4 million
What is the lowest weekly wage in cornwall?
lowest is £329 - 25% below Uk average
What percentage of profits from tourism stay in cornwall?
33%
what percentage of people in cornwall are in the tourism industry?
25%
what percentage of rural parishes have docters surgerys?
14%
How many species in the Eden projects?
5000
How many visitors to the Eden project in the first year and after4 years?
1 year- 750 000
4 years- 6 million
What percentage of staff were previously unemployed in Eden project?
75%
How much did the Eden project reduce unemployment by?
6%
What causes deprivation in Cornwall?
low wages
decline in rural economy
seasonal work
lack of rural services
lack of employment opportunities
What are the problems associated with the Eden project?
traffic levels due to visitors generating congestion
pollution and air quality due to high traffic and cars
What are the benefits of the Eden project?
high amounts of visitors
visitors spending in areas around (e.g. hotels)
employment opportunities
local food producers boosted
adds to economy
What are LSOA?
Lower Super Output Areas
-small geographical areas used in England and Wales for statistical purposes. Designed to improve reporting in small area stats
What are the regeneration strategies within Barking and Dagenham?
BEAM park- on land where Ford previously occupied
Town centre- concrete centre refurbishment
Gascoigne estate- most deprived with over 1500 new homes built
Barking riverside- 11 000 new homes, parkland, 5 schools + places of worship
Dagenham docks- was fuel and chemical tanks now sustainable businesses
What are the three sources of investment?
private sector investment
public sector investment
public private partnership
What is a private sector investment?
retail led regeneration (e.g west field shopping centre)
What is public sector investment?
investment by state (e.g 2012 London Olympic games)
What is public private partnership?
collaboration between private companies and government (e.g London Docklands)
What major features were there of the London 2012 Olympics?
560 acres of park land
olympic stadium
aquabatics centre
orbit
the veledrome
copper box
here East
Lee valley hockey and tenis centre
lee valley velopark
Who were the key players in the London 2012 Olypmic regeneration?
UK central government
Local government
Regional government
Local council
Environmental
Local existing residence
What is enquiry question 4?
how successful is regeneration?
What are the three economic indicators
income
poverty
employment
(increases spending power, disposable income and revenue of taxes)
What is a chloropleth map
displays divided geographical areas or regions that are coloured, shaded or patterned in relation to a data variable
what are the social indicators
health & life expectancy
demographic
access to health care
education
deprivation
inequality
what are the environmental indicators
pollution
derelict land
greenspace
What is the case study for urban regeneration?
Plymouth
What is the case study for rural regeneration?
Causeway Coast, Northern Ireland
What was the regeneration in Plymouth based on?
commercial replacing shopping centers with new modern venue
What were the key census changes after the Plymouth regeneration?
increased home ownership but declined for those with mortgages
improved diversity in employment but higher unemployment and lower education attainment
Who were the positive stakeholders in Plymouths regeneration?
tourism and inward investment grown, new call centres and foreign owned businesses
Who were the negative stakeholders in Plymouths regeneration?
locals have low accessibility, lack of job opportunities for graduates and unwelcoming developments like Royal William Yard
What are the key initiatives for the rural regeneration of Causeway coast, Northern Ireland
bottom up - specialist markets for local produce, preserving rural identity
top down - rural development programme aims for job creation, business support and eco tourism
What were the challenges for the rural regeneration of Causeway coast, Northern Ireland
managing conflicts between stakeholders needs ate the Giant causeway, balancing conservation with economic benefits from increased tourist access
What is the definition of gentrification?
where traditionally run down areas are improved via a influx of wealthy people
