Globalisation Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
What is enquiry question 1?
A
what are the causes of globalisation and why has it accelerated in recent decades?
2
Q
What does globalisation refer to?
A
refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services, people, diffusion of technology and capital across borders. Also shown through culture, lifestyle and global processes such as climate change
3
Q
How many people do there need to be for a mega city to be classed?
A
10 million
4
Q
define interconnected
A
trade and migration flows have increased due to technology, market forces and political decisions
5
Q
define interdependent
A
what happens in one place increasingly having an impact on other places e.g. russias war with ukraine
6
Q
What are the UK’s main exports
A
vehicles, mineral fuels, precious metals, pharmaceuticals, machinery and services (e.g. financial, technical
7
Q
What are the main flows in the global network
A
products( goods)
commodities (raw materials)
capital
information
tourism
migration (ex. refugees)
7
Q
What are the UK’s main imports
A
mineral fuels, electronic equipment, knit wear, plastics and motor vehicles
8
Q
A
8
Q
What does the phrase “a shrinking world” refer to
A
developments in communication and transport have reduced the importance of distance (has aided globalisation)
9
Q
What is space time compression?
A
the increasing sense of connectivity that seems to bring people closer together even though the distances are the same (takes a shorter time to get from London to France in 2024 than it did in 1914)
10
Q
What is containerisation?
A
the development of bigger container ships that can hold more containers and therefore products
11
Q
What is the IMF
A
international monetary fund
12
Q
What is the WB
A
world bank
13
Q
What is the WTO
A
world trade organisation
14
Q
What are the motives of TNC’s in role of globalisation?
A
profit
achieving economies of scale
developing new market
horizontal integration
controlling and minimising costs
increasing their markets
vertical integration( expanding company through services)
15
Q
What is glocalisation?
A
when company re-styles it’s products to suit local tastes (e.g. mcdonalds not selling beef burgers in India)
16
Q
What is the belt and road initiative?
A
belt (land) road (sea)
creating trading routes with china funding projects around the world
17
Q
What are advantages to china of the belt and road initiative?
A
increased influence
speeds up development around the world
trading partners + new places to sell to
migration of Chinese workers
18
Q
What are the disadvantages to china of the belt and road initiative?
A
costs a lot of money which may never be able to pay get
19
Q
What are the advantages to Sri Lanka of the belt and road initiative?
A
borrowed $15 billion to fund construction of infrastructure projects
projects include: powerplant, airport, deep water port and cricket stadium
some new employment opportunities
recognised globally
20
Q
What are the disadvantages to Sri Lanka of the belt and road initiative?
A
Chinese government have full control
very little employment in construction to locals
environmental concerns
little connection between development and existing city of Colombo
lease to China for 99 years
21
Q
What index is used to measure globalisation and what does it consist of?
A
KOF index
economic globalisation
political globalisation
social globalisation
22
Q
What are switched on countries like?
A
flows of trade, people, FDI, etc
technologies
movement (air traffic, international trade)
media (global advertising, music, TV, news)
23
What are detached countries like?
countries that have been left behind
little to no trade or connectivity
some choose not to be globalised (north korea)
24
What causes countries to become detached?
developing countries
poor infrastructure
wars
landlocked
corrupt governments
island
small population
25
What are the advantages of using the KOF index?
compares degree and changes and has been going a long time
calculated on basis of 24 variables
26
What are the disadvantages of using the KOF index?
relevance of using international mail seems irrelevant
many countries have many illegal foreign immigrants
shorter distance between countries increase rate of travel and therefore social globalisation
27
What are the advantages of using the AT kearney Index?
covers 96% of worlds GDP
covers 84% of population
allows comparison overtime
28
What are the disadvantages of using the AT kearney Index?
only 64 countries included in Index
how do you measure cultural trends
not statistically significant
weighing's(who decides)
29
What factors does the AT kearney index use?
political engagement
technological engagement
personal contact
economic integration
30
What five factors make a place switched on or detached?
political, cultural, physical, environmental, economic
31
What is the first wave of global shift?
movement on manufacturing
32
What is the second wave of global shift?
outsourcing of services and industries
33
what are the benefits of global shift on manufacturing in China?
more jobs, higher income and tax, more investment
34
What are the costs of global shift on manufacturing in China?
sweat shops created + bad for environment, environmental damage, pressure groups, limited to secondary sector
35
What are the costs and benefits to outsourcing services to India
+ increased jobs
+development due to investment
-language barrier (e.g BT call centre)
-Loss of IT sector in many jobs
36
What is enquiry question 2?
What are the impacts of globalisation for countries, different groups of people and cultures and the physical environment?
37
What are the impacts of global shift on the UK and USA?
UK:
-derelict land
-spiral of decline
-web of deprivation
-leaves contaminated land behind
USA:
-cheaper labour costs abroad
-rust belts created with limited jobs and deindustrialisation
38
define migration
movement of a person or person's from one place to another involving a permanent (1 year or more) change in address can be internal or international
39
what are the three types of migrants?
displaced persons
voluntary migrants
illegal migrants
40
what are displaced persons?
refugee/asylum seekers who seek a temporary stay and pay repetition to own country, can be granted citizenship
41
What are voluntary migrants?
permanent move for work or better quality of life or Temporary move for work
42
What are illegal migrants?
move for work organised move due to criminal activities, living/working until discovered, forced deportation
43
What does Lee's model of migration show?
the push and pull factors with lots of intervening obstacles
44
What are the push factors for migration?
war
better quality of life
marriage
45
What are the pull factors for migration?
higher standards of living, city life, receptive society
46
What are the intervening obstacles to migration?
distance, borders/visas, money
47
what are the examples of internal migration?
rural to urban
urban to rural
inter urban (one city to another)
intra-urban (within a city)
transmigration (forced movement within a country)
48
How many workers died during the Qatar world cup construction?
1200
49
How many people reported injuries during the Qatar world cup construction?
11%
50
What percentage of the 1200 workers received a salary in the Qatar world cup construction?
21%
51
What percentage of documents withheld during the Qatar world cup construction?
90%
52
How many roboraptors made a day?
60 000
53
Where were the roboraptors made?
Guang dong
54
What movement of people did the roboraptor production cause?
rural to urban migration in china in order to be employed
55
What are the economic impacts on the country of origin?
+remittances sent home
+upon return home workers bring new skills
+less pressure on resources
-loss of young workforce
-loss of labour may reduce private investment
56
What are the social impacts on the country of origin?
+population density is reduced
+remittances sent home can be used to improve health care and education
+returning migrants increase social expectations for the community (leisure activities)
-marriage rates fall
-increased dependency ration due to young workers moving out
-increased social costs on community as support mechanisms aren't there
57
What are the political impacts on the country of origin?
policies to encourage natural increase can be developed
Policies to encourage immigration to counteract outflow
requests for international aid
58
What are the economic impacts on the host country?
+migrants take up less desirable jobs
+host country gained skilled labour for cheap
+there is a labour surplus
+skill gap can be filled
+cost of retirement can be transferred to country of origin
-migrant children must be educated
-overdependency on migrant workers in some industries
-much money isn't spent in host country
-more people so more pressure on resources
59
What are the social impacts on the host country?
+creation of multi ethnic society
+influx of new or revitalised services
+can encourage new language to easier to work abroad
-dominance of males in reinforcement
-aspects of cultural identity lost
-segregated ethnic areas
60
What are the political impacts on the host country?
discrimination
calls for control on immigration
entrenchment of attitudes which may encourage fundamentalism
61
What are international Elite migrants?
minority population with come combination of high levels of wealth, social status, political influence, cultural influence. Can migrate easily
62
What are the stats for the low wage Indian workers moving to UAE?
2 million migrants moved here
1.25 from Pakistan
most work in transport, construction and manufacturing
1/5 in service industry
many live in Abu Dabi
$15 million returned in remittances
migrant workers make up 90% of workforce
63
How is globalisation linked to an increase in refugees and illegal migration?
faster cheaper transport
advances in communication
greater awareness of other parts of the world
technological advances
increase in conflicts across the world
64
How many refugees crossed into Europe in 2023?
270 000
65
What are the top three countries where refugees and illegal migrants crossing the english channel are coming from 2023
Afghanistan (4859)
Iran(3895)
Vietnam (3307)
66
What is step migration?
from source countries to central africa where you take multiple routes
67
Where is the top choices for host countries?
USA
Germany
France
68
Where is an example where policies against migration have changed?
Hungary was once welcoming in 2012 but are currently actively against and trying to restrict
69
How much money is spent daily to house migrants in the UK?
$6-8 million
70
What are the stats for successful asylum applications for females and males?
men- 8546
women- 4725
71
What is assimilation?
gradual process where migrants integrate into a destination area
72
What is brain drain
loss of skilled or educated people who migrate
73
What is chain migration?
pioneer migrant who has settled in a new destination sends information back to source area encouraging migrants to move here and how
74
What is diaspora
group of people that spread from one country to another
75
What is migration stream?
common source or route to destination
76
How many refugees did the UK host in 2023?
205 800
77
How does the EU support Ukraine refugees?
residence permit up to 3 years
access to employment
suitable accommodation
access to health care up to ages of 18
access to banking services
78
How many attacks were there in Germany on refugee centres?
121
79
What makes up a culture of a place?
tradition
accepted norms
religion
languages
art and symbols
values
80
What is cultural diffusion?
spread of cultural ideas and way of life to another area
81
What is cultural erosion?
loss or dilution of a culture (change in ideas and values)
82
How have TNC's impacted culture?
changes in consumerism, how easy we can access other cultures, changes in eating habits
(e.g google, apple, Mcdonalds)
83
How has global media impacted culture?
groups that have been historically disempowered and oppressed by influential and discriminatory groups(marginalized)
84
How did the Paralympics 2012 effected the stigma on disability?
became third largest sporting events with 2.8 million tickets sold and 3.8 billion tv watchers
most trending social event
2 in 3 attitudes in UK changes
-overall decreasing the stigma around disability
85
How has changes in diets affected culture?
In China since 1980 the consumption of pork has decreased with poultry and beef replacing . Also amounts of pork consumed increased from 12-45kg per person
Cause: western impact
86
How has tourism effected culture?
+preservation and restoration of cultural heritage
+revival of traditional arts and crafts
+sense of identity
+cross culture exchange
- loss of cultural character
- loss of authenticity
- commercialisation of human relationship
-conflicts between tourists and residence
87
How has migration effected culture (UK)?
development of cultural streets and areas (e.g china town)
Tensions usually rise due to conflicting opinions around immigration
88
What percentage of the population does indigenous people make up?
5%
89
How many languages have indigenous people made?
4000+
90
How many indigenous people are there in the world?
370 million
91
How many different groups of indigenous people are there world wide?
5000 different groups
92
What continent has the most indigenous people and what percentage?
70% in Asia
93
What is the case study of indigenous people?
Papua New Guinea
94
Give some information on the case study of Papua New Guinea?
7000 existing groups most having new language, this makes it culturally diverse in art, music, etc. Became part of British and German colony in 1884. Gained independence in 1975. Under colonial experienced political, social and economic integration . Spread of Christian and western education. Giant copper mine in 1964 established by British TNC
95
What is the definition of development?
the way in which a country seeks to make progress economically and to improve the standard of living for it's inhabitants
96
What is enquiry question 3?
what are the consequences of globalisation fir global development and physical environment and how different players respond to it's challenge?
97
How can development be measured?
economically
-GNI per capita (ppp)
-economic sectors
socially
-HDI
-Gender inequality index
environmentally
-Air quality index
98
Who are the top three and bottom three countries in GNI per capita (purchasing power parity)
top
-Switzerland
-Norway
-Luxembourg
bottom
-Burundi
-Ghana
-Eritrea
99
How does economic sectors indicate development?
As countries slowly become more developed the primary sector decreases while secondary rises until the end of industrial with quaternary increasing throughout and quaternary increasing at end of industrial
(CLARK FISHERS MODEL)
100
How does HDI show development?
higher the life expectancy, GNI per capita and mean years of schooling more developed a country
101
How does Air quality index show development?
higher the air quality better development (seen in Kuznets's curve that air quality worst during industrial)
102
What theory shows air quality?
Kuznet's curve (worst in industrial)
103
How does Gender inequality index (GII) show development?
more equality the more developed
-No.5 is UN's sustainable development goals
104
What does the GII consist of?
reproductive health
empowerment
education and employment
105
Globally how many girls married before 18?
750 million
106
How many countries lack laws against domestic violence?
49
107
What percentage did marrying in childhood drop in Asia in 2000?
40%
108
What is the development gap?
social and economic difference of disparity between the wealthy and the poor- globally between nations and within countries
109
What two theories link to the development gap?
Rostow's model of development
Franks dependency theory
Development cable
110
What are the five stages in Rostow's model of development?
1) traditional society
2) pre conditions for take off
3) take off
4) drive to maturity
5) age of high mass consumption
111
What does Frank's dependency theory state?
shows how raw materials sold to core from periphery and then are processes by core and sold back to periphery
(shows our dependence on periphery)
112
What is the development cable theory?
based on economic core with social, economic and environmental factors attached to it
113
What is the Gini coefficient?
measurement of the degree of inequality in the income distribution (less curved the line compared to line of equality the less inequality in a country)
114
What is the example of borders to EU?
Melilla (Spanish territory but is in Africa)
115
Where is the largest concentration of foreign born people in UK?
London and South East
116
What is nationalism?
negative connotation, country at expense of migrants, foreigners, etc
117
What is patriotism?
positive connotations, love for ones own country
118
What are some examples of nationalists?
USA, Italy, Austria, Hungary, France
119
What is populism?
a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups
120
What was the main reason for the UK's rejection of Brexit?
due to lack of career opportunities and not affordable homes
121
What causes rise of populist extremism in Europe?
often traced to public anxiety over welfare, threat of jobs and social housing and tend to blame those who are culturally diverse and blaming lack of money on tourism
Supporters of PEP's (populist extremist parties) heavily concentrated in lower middle class men
122
What is a wilderness?
an area of land that has been largely undisturbed by modern human development
123
Where is the Jumbo glacier conflict?
Purcell mountains canada
124
What is the case study for environmental and cultural tensions?
Jumbo glacier conflict
125
What was the proposal of the Jumbo glacier conflict?
a resort (ski) covering 104 hectares and resort footprint of 6000 hectares
despite 90% of population against government still approved
126
What were the economic opportunities offered by the Jumbo Glacier resort?
750 staff beds
new roads
5500 tourist beds
construction
four seasons resort
(tourism central to economy)
127
What were the culture concerns over the Jumbo Glacier ski resort?
Ktunaxa nation
-land surrounding is Canada's newest protected and conserved area. land seen as sacred
128
What were the environmental concerns caused by the Jumbo glacier ski resort?
area is central habitat for bears that travel through and this will lead to habitat fragmentation. Bear is primary predator there so food chain effected greatly
129
How has globalisation effected tourism?
caused increased urgency to tap into the tourism market and make area more accessible
130
Who are the players in the Jumbo glacier conflict?
government
locals
Ktunaxa
Environmentalists
Business owners
131
Was the Jumbo Glacier ski resort built?
no due to pressure from environmentalists, culture issues and locals
132
What is the linear model of production?
extraction-manufacturing-transport-consumerism-waste (aim to be circular economy)
133
What is planned obsolescence ?
giving products limited life spans so you have to renew
134
What is localism?
range of political philosophies which prioritise locals
135
What are the two examples of localism?
Bristol pound
Transition towns
136
What is the Bristol pound and how is it an example of localism?
local currency which you can only spend in local businesses inside of bristol helping local businesses gain money
137
How many companies accepted the Bristol pound?
780
138
Was the Bristol pound successful?
no due to lack of publicity and use
139
How much money was circulating in Bristol pound?
2015 million
140
What are transition towns?
Locals + NGO's support locals sourcing good and aim to build strong local communities
141
How many transition towns are there globally?
2,000-3,000
142
What is the case study for transition towns?
Totnes, Devon
143
What were the aims of the Totnes, Devon transition town (localism)?
aims to address climate change and oil consumption, green energy conservation, bottom up strategy, growing food locally, reduce food mileage, sustainable recycling, farmers market and grow flax which is an alternative to plastic
144
What are the three ways of controlling globalisation?
limiting migration
trade protectionism
censorship
145
How is censorship used to control globalisation (China)?
control of info and ideas circulating in a society through books, movies, etc
Used to limit western ideas and promote communist ones
But younger generations can bypass firewall
146
How is limiting migration used to control globalisation (Japan)?
restricts and limits social and culture diffusion
Immigration control act
2016 18/10901 asylum applicants denied
147
How does trade protectionism limit globalisation (USA)?
type of policies that limit imports from foreign industries and boosts exports (through tariffs and quotas)
Increases dependence on American own businesses
Works in short run but destructive in long run
Makes country less competitive in international commerce
148
What are the four ways you can reduce the negative impacts of globalisation?
fair trade
ethical shopping
sustainable development goals
waste recycling
149
What is the example of fair trade?
trade charity
150
What are the positives of using fair trade to control negative impacts of globalisation?
provides stable income for farmers
supports community development
eco friendly practises
151
What are the limitations of using fair trade to control negative impacts of globalisation?
more expensive products
limited reach
doesn't significantly improve wages
152
What is the overall impact of fair trade?
reduces exploitation of workers, encourages eco friendly farming, invest in education and health care within community
153
What is fair trade?
ensures farmers and producers receive fair wages and better working conditions
154
What is the case study for ethical shopping?
ethical trading initiative
155
What is ethical shopping?
consumers make purchasing decisions based on environmental and social responsibility
156
What is the overall impact of ethical shopping?
fairer wages +working conditions and reducing environmental impact
157
What are the positives of using fair ethical shopping to control negative impacts of globalisation?
reduces exploitation in supply chain
encourages sustainable production
raises awareness
158
What are the limitations of using fair ethical shopping to control negative impacts of globalisation?
often more expensive
false ethical
limited availability
159
What is the case study for the sustainable development goals?
UN 2030 Agenda
160
What are the sustainable development goals?
a global framework by UN to promote sustainability and reduce inequalities
161
What is the overall impact of the sustainable development goals?
improves access to education+ healthcare + clean water, encourages sustainable infrastructure, helps mitigate climate change
162
What are the positives of using sustainable development goals to control negative impacts of globalisation?
addresses poverty + climate change globally
encourages international cooperation and long term sustainability
163
What are the limitations of using sustainable development goals to control negative impacts of globalisation?
implementation can be costly
some goals lack priority clarification
slow progress
164
What is the case study for waste recycling?
Hertford recycling center
165
What is waste recycling?
reusing materials to reduce waste and environmental harm
166
What is the overall impact of waste recycling?
reduces pollution and greenhouse gases, saves energy compared to producing new materials, encourages responsible waste management
167
What are the positives of using waste management to control negative impacts of globalisation?
reduces landfill waste
conserves natural resources
lower pollution
168
What are the limitations of using waste management to control negative impacts of globalisation?
recycling programmes can be expensive
some material degrade in quality
not all waste recyclable
