Globalisation Flashcards
What is enquiry question 1?
what are the causes of globalisation and why has it accelerated in recent decades?
What does globalisation refer to?
refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services, people, diffusion of technology and capital across borders. Also shown through culture, lifestyle and global processes such as climate change
How many people do there need to be for a mega city to be classed?
10 million
define interconnected
trade and migration flows have increased due to technology, market forces and political decisions
define interdependent
what happens in one place increasingly having an impact on other places e.g. russias war with ukraine
What are the UK’s main exports
vehicles, mineral fuels, precious metals, pharmaceuticals, machinery and services (e.g. financial, technical
What are the main flows in the global network
products( goods)
commodities (raw materials)
capital
information
tourism
migration (ex. refugees)
What are the UK’s main imports
mineral fuels, electronic equipment, knit wear, plastics and motor vehicles
What does the phrase “a shrinking world” refer to
developments in communication and transport have reduced the importance of distance (has aided globalisation)
What is space time compression?
the increasing sense of connectivity that seems to bring people closer together even though the distances are the same (takes a shorter time to get from London to France in 2024 than it did in 1914)
What is containerisation?
the development of bigger container ships that can hold more containers and therefore products
What is the IMF
international monetary fund
What is the WB
world bank
What is the WTO
world trade organisation
What are the motives of TNC’s in role of globalisation?
profit
achieving economies of scale
developing new market
horizontal integration
controlling and minimising costs
increasing their markets
vertical integration( expanding company through services)
What is glocalisation?
when company re-styles it’s products to suit local tastes (e.g. mcdonalds not selling beef burgers in India)
What is the belt and road initiative?
belt (land) road (sea)
creating trading routes with china funding projects around the world
What are advantages to china of the belt and road initiative?
increased influence
speeds up development around the world
trading partners + new places to sell to
migration of Chinese workers
What are the disadvantages to china of the belt and road initiative?
costs a lot of money which may never be able to pay get
What are the advantages to Sri Lanka of the belt and road initiative?
borrowed $15 billion to fund construction of infrastructure projects
projects include: powerplant, airport, deep water port and cricket stadium
some new employment opportunities
recognised globally
What are the disadvantages to Sri Lanka of the belt and road initiative?
Chinese government have full control
very little employment in construction to locals
environmental concerns
little connection between development and existing city of Colombo
lease to China for 99 years
What index is used to measure globalisation and what does it consist of?
KOF index
economic globalisation
political globalisation
social globalisation
What are switched on countries like?
flows of trade, people, FDI, etc
technologies
movement (air traffic, international trade)
media (global advertising, music, TV, news)
What are detached countries like?
countries that have been left behind
little to no trade or connectivity
some choose not to be globalised (north korea)
What causes countries to become detached?
developing countries
poor infrastructure
wars
landlocked
corrupt governments
island
small population
What are the advantages of using the KOF index?
compares degree and changes and has been going a long time
calculated on basis of 24 variables
What are the disadvantages of using the KOF index?
relevance of using international mail seems irrelevant
many countries have many illegal foreign immigrants
shorter distance between countries increase rate of travel and therefore social globalisation
What are the advantages of using the AT kearney Index?
covers 96% of worlds GDP
covers 84% of population
allows comparison overtime
What are the disadvantages of using the AT kearney Index?
only 64 countries included in Index
how do you measure cultural trends
not statistically significant
weighing’s(who decides)
What factors does the AT kearney index use?
political engagement
technological engagement
personal contact
economic integration
What five factors make a place switched on or detached?
political, cultural, physical, environmental, economic
What is the first wave of global shift?
movement on manufacturing
What is the second wave of global shift?
outsourcing of services and industries
what are the benefits of global shift on manufacturing in China?
more jobs, higher income and tax, more investment
What are the costs of global shift on manufacturing in China?
sweat shops created + bad for environment, environmental damage, pressure groups, limited to secondary sector
What are the costs and benefits to outsourcing services to India
+ increased jobs
+development due to investment
-language barrier (e.g BT call centre)
-Loss of IT sector in many jobs
What is enquiry question 2?
What are the impacts of globalisation for countries, different groups of people and cultures and the physical environment?
What are the impacts of global shift on the UK and USA?
UK:
-derelict land
-spiral of decline
-web of deprivation
-leaves contaminated land behind
USA:
-cheaper labour costs abroad
-rust belts created with limited jobs and deindustrialisation
define migration
movement of a person or person’s from one place to another involving a permanent (1 year or more) change in address can be internal or international
what are the three types of migrants?
displaced persons
voluntary migrants
illegal migrants
what are displaced persons?
refugee/asylum seekers who seek a temporary stay and pay repetition to own country, can be granted citizenship
What are voluntary migrants?
permanent move for work or better quality of life or Temporary move for work
What are illegal migrants?
move for work organised move due to criminal activities, living/working until discovered, forced deportation
What does Lee’s model of migration show?
the push and pull factors with lots of intervening obstacles
What are the push factors for migration?
war
better quality of life
marriage
What are the pull factors for migration?
higher standards of living, city life, receptive society
What are the intervening obstacles to migration?
distance, borders/visas, money
what are the examples of internal migration?
rural to urban
urban to rural
inter urban (one city to another)
intra-urban (within a city)
transmigration (forced movement within a country)
How many workers died during the Qatar world cup construction?
1200
How many people reported injuries during the Qatar world cup construction?
11%
What percentage of the 1200 workers received a salary in the Qatar world cup construction?
21%
What percentage of documents withheld during the Qatar world cup construction?
90%
How many roboraptors made a day?
60 000
Where were the roboraptors made?
Guang dong
What movement of people did the roboraptor production cause?
rural to urban migration in china in order to be employed
What are the economic impacts on the country of origin?
+remittances sent home
+upon return home workers bring new skills
+less pressure on resources
-loss of young workforce
-loss of labour may reduce private investment
What are the social impacts on the country of origin?
+population density is reduced
+remittances sent home can be used to improve health care and education
+returning migrants increase social expectations for the community (leisure activities)
-marriage rates fall
-increased dependency ration due to young workers moving out
-increased social costs on community as support mechanisms aren’t there
What are the political impacts on the country of origin?
policies to encourage natural increase can be developed
Policies to encourage immigration to counteract outflow
requests for international aid
What are the economic impacts on the host country?
+migrants take up less desirable jobs
+host country gained skilled labour for cheap
+there is a labour surplus
+skill gap can be filled
+cost of retirement can be transferred to country of origin
-migrant children must be educated
-overdependency on migrant workers in some industries
-much money isn’t spent in host country
-more people so more pressure on resources
What are the social impacts on the host country?
+creation of multi ethnic society
+influx of new or revitalised services
+can encourage new language to easier to work abroad
-dominance of males in reinforcement
-aspects of cultural identity lost
-segregated ethnic areas
What are the political impacts on the host country?
discrimination
calls for control on immigration
entrenchment of attitudes which may encourage fundamentalism
What are international Elite migrants?
minority population with come combination of high levels of wealth, social status, political influence, cultural influence. Can migrate easily
What are the stats for the low wage Indian workers moving to UAE?
2 million migrants moved here
1.25 from Pakistan
most work in transport, construction and manufacturing
1/5 in service industry
many live in Abu Dabi
$15 million returned in remittances
migrant workers make up 90% of workforce
How is globalisation linked to an increase in refugees and illegal migration?
faster cheaper transport
advances in communication
greater awareness of other parts of the world
technological advances
increase in conflicts across the world
How many refugees crossed into Europe in 2023?
270 000
What are the top three countries where refugees and illegal migrants crossing the english channel are coming from 2023
Afghanistan (4859)
Iran(3895)
Vietnam (3307)
What is step migration?
from source countries to central africa where you take multiple routes
Where is the top choices for host countries?
USA
Germany
France
Where is an example where policies against migration have changed?
Hungary was once welcoming in 2012 but are currently actively against and trying to restrict
How much money is spent daily to house migrants in the UK?
$6-8 million
What are the stats for successful asylum applications for females and males?
men- 8546
women- 4725
What is assimilation?
gradual process where migrants integrate into a destination area
What is brain drain
loss of skilled or educated people who migrate
What is chain migration?
pioneer migrant who has settled in a new destination sends information back to source area encouraging migrants to move here and how
What is diaspora
group of people that spread from one country to another
What is migration stream?
common source or route to destination
How many refugees did the UK host in 2023?
205 800
How does the EU support Ukraine refugees?
residence permit up to 3 years
access to employment
suitable accommodation
access to health care up to ages of 18
access to banking services
How many attacks were there in Germany on refugee centres?
121
What makes up a culture of a place?
tradition
accepted norms
religion
languages
art and symbols
values
What is cultural diffusion?
spread of cultural ideas and way of life to another area
What is cultural erosion?
loss or dilution of a culture (change in ideas and values)
How have TNC’s impacted culture?
changes in consumerism, how easy we can access other cultures, changes in eating habits
(e.g google, apple, Mcdonalds)
How has global media impacted culture?
groups that have been historically disempowered and oppressed by influential and discriminatory groups(marginalized)
How did the Paralympics 2012 effected the stigma on disability?
became third largest sporting events with 2.8 million tickets sold and 3.8 billion tv watchers
most trending social event
2 in 3 attitudes in UK changes
-overall decreasing the stigma around disability
How has changes in diets affected culture?
In China since 1980 the consumption of pork has decreased with poultry and beef replacing . Also amounts of pork consumed increased from 12-45kg per person
Cause: western impact
How has tourism effected culture?
+preservation and restoration of cultural heritage
+revival of traditional arts and crafts
+sense of identity
+cross culture exchange
- loss of cultural character
- loss of authenticity
- commercialisation of human relationship
-conflicts between tourists and residence
How has migration effected culture (UK)?
development of cultural streets and areas (e.g china town)
Tensions usually rise due to conflicting opinions around immigration
What percentage of the population does indigenous people make up?
5%
How many languages have indigenous people made?
4000+
How many indigenous people are there in the world?
370 million
How many different groups of indigenous people are there world wide?
5000 different groups
What continent has the most indigenous people and what percentage?
70% in Asia
What is the case study of indigenous people?
Papua New Guinea
Give some information on the case study of Papua New Guinea?
7000 existing groups most having new language, this makes it culturally diverse in art, music, etc. Became part of British and German colony in 1884. Gained independence in 1975. Under colonial experienced political, social and economic integration . Spread of Christian and western education. Giant copper mine in 1964 established by British TNC
