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Liberal Revolution > Regeneration > Flashcards

Regeneration Flashcards

1
Q

How did Saldanha lead Portugal after taking power?

A
  • Oversaw first stages of regeneration with centralized military government
  • Ruled by iron fist - brought back death penalty for religious crimes and increased censory suffrage
  • Supported by D.Maria II and Quadruple alliance
  • Aimed to deradicalize politics and create a moderate political class
  • Headed up coalition party between Setembristas and Chartists
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2
Q

What were the key challenges facing Saldanha upon taking power?

A
  • Inability to collect taxes
  • Lack of recuperation from Brazilian independence, reliance on remittances
  • Economy dominated by agriculture
  • Public deficit and increased public spending
  • Intense political cleavages and entrenched party interests
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3
Q

Why was Portuguese society not in a position to modernise in the 1850s?

A

Society was split between legal, urban life and an increasingly disconnected rural world, entrenched in the clandestine.

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4
Q

What were the key political parties of the first stages of the regeneration?

A
  • Partido Regenerador (1851-56)
  • Partido Historico (1856-59)
  • Coalition between both parties (1865-68)
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5
Q

What did the ‘acto adicional’ of 1851 stipulate?

A
  • A democratic conciliation between both parties to solve intense political cleavages.
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6
Q

What were the key political changes seen under the Partido Historico?

A
  • De-radicalization of setembristas
  • Reconciliation of church-state relations
  • Acceptance of more radical sectors in the cortes
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7
Q

What were the key political changes seen under the coalition government?

A
  • Marginalization of radical fringe in government
  • Counter effect - strengthening of republican movement through clandestine networks. New urban movement established through press, clubs, petitions etc. (massification of politics)
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8
Q

What economic developments were experienced under Saldanha?

A
  • Creation of Bank of Lisbon and Bank of Portugal - creation of new urban aristocracy
  • New booms of cork and port industries
  • Political stability meant opening to new foreing markets
  • Colonial products re-exported - key exports of cotton, cocoa and coffee essential to breaking in to international market
  • Pursual of protectionism to protect national industry and increase government income
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9
Q

Why did Saldanha’s reform struggle to foster industrialisation/modernisation?

A
  • Portuguese economy still dominated by agriculture - made up a large proportion of GDP
  • Industry in Porto still small scale, and development only seen in cities - gap to most European countries
  • Local markets still at the centre of regional trade due to small internal market. - since most of the country still worked as peasant farmers, low increases of per capita income prevented an internal market from developing
  • Exportation economy, importing of goods
  • Lack of roads and infrastructure meant inability to expand trade - lack of customs protection and reliance on England
  • Cork and port wine struggled to penetrate international markets due to lack of demand
  • Continuation of slave trade prevented agricultural development - weight on re-exportation
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10
Q

What happened in 1857 which was significant for church-state relations?

A

New concord signed with the Vatican

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11
Q

What aspects of Portugal’s social makeup prevented a kickstart to modernisation?

A
  • Lack of population distribution - 60% of country worked in agriculture in 1890
  • Illiteracy and a lack of civic culture in rural Portugal deepened divides with the political elites in the cities
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12
Q

Why was social development unequal during early stages of the regeneration?

A
  • All local powers in rural settings were condensed together, while urban life saw a proliferation of bodies and bolstering of civic culture.
  • Caciquism and clientelism dominated countryside + suffrage was still limited due to a lack of literacy.
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13
Q

How was infrastructure developed by Fontes and the Regenerador party during early stages of the regeneration?

A
  • Road network and railways increased, but still parallel to roads and rivers
  • Public work projects allowed for greater access to primary materials and improvement of trade networks
  • New means of communication, transport links worked to bolster industry
  • More population connected to the coast
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14
Q

How does Fontes de Melo Pereira embody social change?

A
  • Came into public governance as a young engineer - symbol of new modernist, progressive generations.
  • Aimed to improve public works and pursued enlightened ideas of development.
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15
Q

What parties developed during the 1870s as a result of new civic culture?

A
  • Socialist Party, Republican Party and Progressive party - developed due to new civic culture of working classes in the cities
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16
Q

What was Rotavism and how did it impact the Portuguese political climate?

A
  • System in which power consistently shifts between liberal and conservative parties
  • Lasted in Portugal from 1879-90
  • Led to greater stability and more space for industrialisation and modernisation
  • Growth of state bureaucracy and rationalisation of administrative practices.
  • Public works a new priority of the period.
17
Q

What key socio-economic issues faced Fontes and his plans for reform?

A
  • Despite a lessening reliance on subsistence farming, the majority of the country was still employed in Agriculture
  • Taxes mainly indirect (e.g from consumption) and other taxes were met with strong local resistance
  • Slave trade dented by established of free womb law and its abolition in 1878
18
Q

How did the reliance on agriculture begin to fall by the 1870s?

A
  • Import substitution pursued by Fontes meant subsistence was not as necessary
  • Increased urban migration as large-scale industry is developed + increasing specialization gives more opportunity for work.
  • Greater importation/opening to foreign markets
  • Property legislation is non-inclusive thus rural population becomes increasingly poor and small.
19
Q

What key issues did the regeneration have with representation?

A
  • Only 10% of the population could vote in 1878 (40% of population), and this was reduced in 1880 as the political oligarchy was reinforced through caciquism
  • Elections were fraudulent and served to confirm the choices of the king
20
Q

What electoral reform was made in 1878, and what were its impacts on the political system?

A
  • Widening of suffrage and eligibility
  • Republicanism enters parliamentary fight
  • Conservative sectors benefit from rural vote
21
Q

Why was the colonial question increasingly significant during Fontes’ pursual of development

A
  • The Berlin Conference created new regulations for colonization and its impacts on trade - the African Empire was now a new necessary for capitalist growth
22
Q

Why did the regeneration government fail to establish ‘New Brazils’ in Africa?

A
  • Lack of appeal for European emigrants to establish settler communities
  • Coastal presence primarily for extractivist economy, rather than production
23
Q

What key issues prevented Fontes from fostering cohesive development?

A
  • State intervention remained weak. The focus on public works did not compensate for a lack of investment in public services
  • Public spending still remained higher than fiscal state revenue
    Agriculture still accounted for double the GDP of industry
  • Public pessimism remained ever-present in the public sphere
24
Q

How did the development of civic culture impact the political climate?

A
  • Politics became increasingly massified
  • Multiple new routes for political involvement
  • ‘Povo’ question and issues over representation reignited
25
Q

How did the working class develop during the regeneration?

A
  • Increasingly defined by class conscience and had a greater ability to unify
  • New urban movement to the cities bolstered civic culture and socio-political development - factory population tripled in size in Lisbon
  • New waves of socialism and republicanism encaptured hopes of rising social classes
  • Greater visibility through creation of unions, their own press and new forms of self-education
26
Q

How did the aristocracy develop under the regeneration?

A
  • New bourgeoisie oligarchy established in the cities due to increased banking opportunities
  • Continued to profit from reorganization of public policy and manoeuvres over land ownership
  • Retained influence through titles and family endogamy
27
Q

How did the urban middle classes develop under the regeneration?

A
  • New urban literate class, capitalizing on new progressive reforms. Heightened importance for civic intelligentsia.
  • Had more political relevance and consistently upheld values of justice, harmony and equality. - new aspirations for the future
28
Q

What new political ideas were being developed among urban classes during the regeneration?

A
  • Pursual of modernist and positivist ideas to surpass slow capitalist development
  • New intelligentsia questioned aristocratic values and their privilege, wand wanted to approximate the ‘real’ country to the ‘legal one’
  • Questioned emergence and morals of new bourgeoisie.
  • New frameworks discussed to end political centralization
29
Q

What new questions arose at the end of the 19th century in relation to social progression (Casino Conference)?

A
  • New discussion of customs and taste of urban classes, resentment of bohemian lifestyles of the bourgeoisie.
  • Absolutism as a cause for the fall of the ‘povo’
  • Resentment over creation of a new political oligarchy despite promises for greater representation
  • Corruption (both material and spiritual) of the clergy
  • Parasitic nature of the aristocracy
  • Class consciousness increasingly relevant, particularly with creation of the ILO.
30
Q

What did the Casino Conference (beginning of new modernist movement) call for?

A
  • End to artistic sentimentalism
  • Realism and naturalism needed to reflect the real, and show effects of social intervention
  • Political revolution to end the fontist oligarchy
  • Called for reason and science and anti-religious rhetoric in political development - positivist ideas
31
Q

How was agriculture developed under Fontist reform?

A
  • Production still dominated by wine and wheat
  • Property restructured - substantial increase for cultivate land
  • Technology did not play an important role - only 8 thrashing machines were used in Portugal in 1890
32
Q

Why was emigration a problem for development during the regeneration?

A
  • Between 1850 and 1890, 500,000 Portuguese left the country, mainly to Brazil
  • Both rural and urban migration - led to less subsistence farming but a lack of manpower and increasing reliance on remittances.

Liberal Revolution (4 decks)

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