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Liberal Revolution > Liberal Revolution - Key points > Flashcards

Liberal Revolution - Key points Flashcards

1
Q

How did Liberalism develop in Portugal during the 1820s?

A
  • 1820 revolt modelled on democratic Spanish revolution
  • Increasing distance of Maria I after exile to Portugal - stayed in a world of absolutist ‘pious fantasy’
  • Middle class euphoria due to arrival of the French
  • New calls for agricultural reform by Royal bureaucracy
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2
Q

How did the independence of Brazil destabilise Portugal’s colonial system?

A
  • Movement of Royal Family to Brazil
  • Continental blocks and invasions means Portugal lost its important position in the international scene
  • End of commercial monopoly over Brazilian ports
  • Exiles and emigration, loss of skilled power, due to new appeal of Brazil
  • National economy in deficit
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3
Q

How did the loss of Brazil in 1822 increase political tensions?

A
  • Was the last straw for commercial bourgeoisie already hostile to liberal change
  • New demands for return of absolutism
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3
Q

What were the conditions in 1823 which led to Miguel’s Vilafrancada uprising and beginning of the counter revolution?

A
  • Holy Alliance had authorised a French invasion to bring down Spanish liberal government
  • Absolutist uprising in north of Portugal led the party of the Queen to open revolt
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4
Q

What were the key impacts of the Vilafrancada?

A
  • D.Joao uses uprising to disband Cortes and retake absolutist power
  • Cortes disbanded, but ultra-reactionary faction prevented from coming into power by the king
  • Miguel is made head of the Portuguese army, and proclaims his objective to eliminate all traces of liberalism
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5
Q

What was the Abrilada (1824)?

A
  • Miguel used his power as head of the army to arrest top liberal figures.
  • Joao gains support from diplomatic troops to dispose Miguel from his position and exile him, ending the conflict - the queen was placed under house arrest.
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6
Q

How did the death of Joao VI (1826) impact Portugal’s political situation?

A
  • Country increasingly polarised between radicals and absolutists, symbolised by split between the Royal family (Pedro v Miguel/Queen)
  • Pedro forms moderate 1826 constitution to support ascension of his daughter Maria to the throne
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7
Q

What were the main changes of the 1826 constitution?

A
  • New wide power for royals, new authority to moderate between legislative, executive and judicial powers
  • Monarch still forced to accept will of Cortes
  • Pedro allowed Miguel re-entry as King on condition he married his niece Maria
  • Creation of secondary chamber
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8
Q

How did Miguel I’s Return lead to Civil War

A
  • Miguel immediately goes against constitution and usurps the crown
  • Begins a regime of terror, exiling and imprisoning key liberal figures and supporters
  • Pedro abdicates Brazilian throne and establishes and military base in the Azores
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9
Q

What were the two sides of the civil war and where did theyh gain support?

A
  • Miguelistas: Common folk, large landowners and clergy. Established fear through violence, struggled due to lack of foreign support (anti-conservative turn in English and French Elections
  • Liberals: Cortes + urban middle class. Supported by quadruple alliance.
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10
Q

How did the liberals eventually triumph in 1834?

A
  • A mob in Lisbon rise up after a British commander destroys a royalist fleet off the southern coast
  • They expelled Miguel’s garrison, captured the royal arsenal and mobilized political prisoners.
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11
Q

What was the political environment like after the Civil War?

A
  • Tense and discontent - politics increasingly polarized, revolts over Carta moderation, deepened by dependence on England and inability to sell national goods.
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12
Q

Why was radical change seen as necessary after the Civil War?

A
  • Cortes wanted to prevent the return of Miguel and Absolutism
  • The continued existence of feudal type institutions were aggravating impoverishment of the peasantry - e.g customary extraction of crops, threshing tax and priory spoils (anti-clerical tone?).
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13
Q

How was agricultural policy developed after the civil war?

A
  • New hostility towards property owners and religious institutins which had supported Miguel
  • All crown lands taken over by the state to pay off national debt
    300 male monastic orders abolished
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14
Q

Why did agricultural reform not revitalize Portugal as expected?

A
  • Value of land fell as supply exceeded demand - cheap and plentiful land was appealing for large landowners to pursue extractive farming practices.
  • Replacement of church hierarchy with new oligarchy of businessmen
  • Large proportion of land still devoted to subsistence
  • Confiscated ecclesiastical buildings not dedicated to public works, but used as luxury barracks for soldiers
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15
Q

What were the main causes of the Setembrista revolution?

A
  • Chronic unemployment and struggle to integrate civil war fighters into economy
  • Continued political instability saw greater need for educational reform, universal suffrage and industrial growth
16
Q

Why was Sa da Bandeira a suitable figure for the liberal uprising?

A
  • Member of cosmpolitan aristocracy + gained support of urban middle classes
  • Hero of the civil war
  • After exile in Brazil, England and the US, he had clear liberal left ideas and could prevent creeping reactionary ideas in the government-
17
Q

What did the Setembrista 1838 Carta Establish? And what later reforms were seen?

A
  • Direct suffrage, electoral reform and conceding of crown powers
  • Primary education carried out in church buildings, founding of libraries and polytechnics, ecclesiastical registers replaced by civil ones.
18
Q

Why did Costa Cabral’s entry into government instigate fear among Liberals?

A
  • Was a confidant of the queen and supported increased power of the crown
  • Restored links with Vatican while Minister of Justice
19
Q

How did the political strucutre change after Costa Cabral took power in 1842?

A
  • 1826 Carta reinstated
  • Support from the queen meant increased power for the crown
  • Influx of right-wing technocrats in government - Pombal style leadership, focus on capitalist gain and piblic works
  • Iron fist rule, centralised military power and reduction of liberties
20
Q

How was politics radicalised under Cabral?

A
  • Reconfiguration of setembristas after failed military revolt
  • Streghtening of Miguelista support among peasantry - new hostile environment with guerrila warfare and revolts
21
Q

What were some key socio-economic changes experienced under Cabral?

A
  • Increase of taxes and efforts to collect them to finance infrastructure - angered rural population
  • Opening of Portugal to external markets to end reliance on Colonial trade
  • Development of national infrastructure (e.g roads)
  • But - increase of prices and foreign debt, continued reliance on England
22
Q

Why was the economy at a consistent disadvantage despite new reforms?

A
  • Long-lasting impacts of French invasions and continental blocks
  • Ever-present deficiency after loss of Brazil, weakening of Bureaucratic apparatus
  • Impacts of civil war - destruction of factories and seedbeds
  • Budget deficit remained - public spending higher than fiscal revenue due to difficulty in collecting taxes (weakening of administration).
  • Desperate economic situation meant subsistence farming remained hegemonic - lack of national development
23
Q

What were the key triggers of the Maria da Fonte uprising?

A
  • New efforts to create a strong national tax system under Cabral
  • New hygiene laws preventing births in churches
  • New attempts to enclose land and restrictive eligibility for land registry offices (illiterate struggled to gain legal representation)
  • Aggressive bailiffs increasingly unwavering over private property
  • Failure of American potato crop leading to distress and famine
24
Q

What was the importance of the Maria da Fonte uprising for social development of the rural world?

A
  • New desire to protect their land after influx of profitable Brazilian crops
  • Significant role of women as owners of the land as men were driven to emigrate to be family providers
25
Q

What were 3 key impacts of the Maria da Fonte revolution?

A
  • Increased Anti-British sentiment - seen as more ethnically distinct and exploitative suppliers of highly priced material goods
  • Established common cause with church - religion restored onto political agenda
  • Social unrest and polarisation led to Costa Cabral’s fall from power
26
Q

What was the political climate after the fall of Costa Cabral?

A
  • Civil war of ‘Patuleia’ due to new radicalisation - popular uprisings and guerrilas in countryside + radical setembristas in the cities. Both set up radical juntas and Cortes forced to seek foreign support
  • New generation of politicians not interested in radical demands due to fear of egalitarian principles - new focus on capitalist growth and market integration
27
Q

What did the return of Saldanha in 1851 signify?

A
  • A new age of regeneration with a cavalry officer at the helm - failure of Liberal movement to modernize the country
28
Q

What were 3 central ideas among Portuguese intellectuals in the reconstruction of the ‘Povo’?

A
  • Fernandes Tomas - Public opinion needs to be mobilised for true national representation
  • Alexandre Herculano - an intelligent, hardworking, urban middle class should lead national construction
  • Almeida Garrett - recognition of ‘lost societies’ and understanding of the marginalized will kickstart modernization
29
Q

What was the importance of Romanticism in reinvigorating national visions?

A
  • Recuperation of love for traditional society and rejection of modernism
  • Idea of individual expression and liberation through history
  • The ‘fatherland’ as an entity ‘crossing time’
  • Creation of a universal Portuguese culture - ‘ideology of the nation’ crafted through a narrative of progress.

Liberal Revolution (4 decks)

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