regeneration Flashcards
Silicon Valley
- 3 international airports nearby
-employing over 6 million people in primarily the tech industry - Median income is $112,500 whereas the rest of the US is $55775
- University feeding skilled workers to the companies which are based there.
-2007-2014 - 11 % job growth - high tax revenue collected by local government due to high economic activity
- $15 minimum wage
median house price is above $1 million - income disparity.
-average house price is £1.1 million
Social challenges:
-lack of affordable housing
-no rent control
- not enough housing to meet demand, in 2015 64,000 new jobs were created by only 5000 new homes were added.
- 6% unemployment rate
-housing is unaffordable for low-income workers
Improvement to challenges:
- government gives grants of up to $10,000 per year
- government bill passed that mandated a certain percentage of affordable housing.
-
Failed place - rust belt
- 36.4% of people are living in poverty
- average house price is $45k
- average household income is $29481
- population change is -5.8% (depopulation)
- student enrollment declined over 60% with many students dropping out
- In Detriot average house price is $7500
Reasons for rust belt becoming failed place:
1: global shift - deindustrialisaton
2: white flight- white workers who are affluent and better educated migrated out of the city leaving behind thousands of abandoned buildings and their disposable incomes - cannot contribute to the local economy.
3: Lack of education workforce and high crime rates - the result of the spiral of decline
4: Sink estates are areas that have social or government housing and have a high amount of social problems (Tower hamlets) such as knife, gun and drug crime. In the US this is trailer parks.
rebranding change the image of Glasgow
- Glasgow used to have a big shipbuilding industry but overseas competition led to the collapse of the industry and the eventual spiral of decline in the area
-2015 only 3 shipyards exist - In 2004 rebranding campaign was launched (“Scotland with style”) to make Glasgow more recognized and approachable as an international city - only £1.5 million was allocated over 2 years.
- 1000 jobs created and $42 million in investment
- Later replaced with “people make Glasgow” and city council allocated £500000 to promote the brand across the Uk and Internationally
- COP 26 in Glasgow
-residential redevelopment across the river
-BBC HQ for Scotland tv opened in 2007 - cultural and heritage city - titan crane
- hosted commonwealth games in 2014
- science center
-Invested in Burell gallery
Fracking - conflict over regeneration
For:
- a new energy source that will keep gas prices down for consumers and reduce the use of coal
-most of the process is invisible unlike wind
- fracking currently provides 1/4 of US gas supplies
- fracking in Blackpool can create 500,000 jobs
-can produce taxable income
against:
- 2 minor earthquakes close to Blackpool
- might contaminate underground water, harming locals
- drilling may lead to leakages.
government policy and regeneration:
1) Degrulation of capital markets - allowed foreign investors invest in the Uk - now represents 30% of GDP
2) Immigration policy- previously the EU allowed free movement of labor which helped balance the UK’s aging population and increased tax revenue.
3) Right to buy schemes has meant a decrease in social housing and high prices of housing.
Under conservative govt:
- local enterprise partnerships
-city deals
-elected mayor - power over how the city is run
-coalfields regeneration trust.
infrastructure development in helping regeneration
HS2:
-reduce north south divide, quicker time to commute
- HSs links London, Birmingham, Manchester and Sheffield
- estimated 60,000 jobs will be created
-predicted it will bring between £41.4 and £46.9 billion in economic benefits over 6 decades
- But route will pass historical areas as nature reserves
- estimated cost at £32.7 billion and there will be no intermediate stations
Heathrow expansions:
- estimated £18.6 billion - public private partnership
-can generate £100 billion of profit nationally and create 70,000 new jobs
-boost wider economy by £61 billion
- strengthen international links
- but can heavily impact carbon emissions and this means UK cannot meet 2050 carbon neutral statagy
-761 homes to be knocked down
Local places : Harrow on the hill
- 55.7% male and 44.3% female
-70% economically active
-19.1 % is Indian and 34.4% is white British
-40% Asian origin
-70% of the population is economically active
-Not much change due to preservation of historical heritage, planning is restricted due to power of residents and harrow school as well as physical geography
IMD rank:
2015 - 27,772
2019- 30,813
Doesn’t really need regneration
- 20% least depreived in education in 2019
- 30% lest deprived in crime in 2019
- 20% most deprived for barrier to housing - physical geography as well as foreign buyers
- Good transport links
- 70% of Harrow school are foreign
why regeneration is needed for cornwall?
-a single train track
-17 of Cornwall communities are in 10% of most crime deprived areas in the UK
- long car travel times(8 hours to London)
- some parts of Cornwall has income between £17000-£20000-due to seasonal job
-16000 children in poverty
- decrease in the secondary and primary sector employment; decrease in farming and depleting fish stocks
-mines closing
-funding from the EU is cut to fund vital infrastructure.
Local places : Redruth
- former mining town, tin
- Tertiary sector makes up 44.2 % of current employment - 25% in wholesale, retail & motor
-secondary sector - 16.7% in manufacturing - 98.3% of white British
-67.2 % of people are economically active
Reasons for change:
- railway lines connecting it to London and local areas
- near coast
-historical development revolving around its mining history - tourism
IMD rank:
- 2015 -606
-2019 - 1072
It is still 10% of most deprived neighbourhoods
- Top 10% most deprived in education
- Top 10% most deprived in income
-Top 10% most deprived in health
-crime it is 50% least deprived neighbourhoods - a significant improvement from 2015
- 40% are most deprived in housing.
why Stratford was regenerated
why Stratford was regenerated:
- “stinky Stratford”- water and air pollution
- fridge mountain - biggest collection of discarded white goods in Europe - 20 ft
-a high unemployment rate of 15% from 2009-to 2010
-more than 21% of residents were low paid
- high number of premature deaths
- 62/1000 people in temporary housing between 2006-2007
-more than 15% adult ill rate in Borough of Newham (where Stratford is located)
-Less than 143 GPs per 1000 people in Newham
-
Stratford regenration
Queen Elizabeth Olympic park:
- the name was given to the green space created by the regeneration of Stratford
- more than 23 million people visited the park since it opened
Regeneration Stratagies:
1) East village (Housing):
- the former athletes’ village
- now home ton over 6000 people
- but redevelopment has caused a soaring cost of living pushing locals out of the area.
2) The international quarter (IQL):
- still under construction in 2021
- 22-acre site - 330 new homes to be built but it is an office focussed development
-the number of cooperation have moved or are going to move into the area such as TFL, FCA, British Council.
- creating 25,000 jobs as a result
3)Sport led:
- West ham bought the Stadium
- aquatic center used by locals
- 6000 new community sports clubs created
-cycling-track
-host international sporting events
4) Retail led:
- Westfield Stratford - Europe’s largest shopping center; opened in 2007 and made $1 billion dollars in profit in 2 years
- encourages domestic tourism due to high end designers stores
- attracts tourists in London to come and do shopping
-rainwater harvesting
- zero waste to landfill
Cornwall regeneration strategies
Superfast broadband:
-4500 jobs created
-330 Mbps
-95% of Cornwall have access to fibre optic cable
-12100 + businesses connected
-50% of businesses are growing
-1 tonne of co2 saved per connection
-cost £132 million
The Eden project:
-increasing job opportunities for local people
-demand for holiday cottages have doubled
- seasonal job - 79% of visitors arrive between Easter and October half term
- attracted 850,000 tourists
- 650 ppl directly employed
- $1.1 billion for the Cornish economy
- reduced unemployment by 6% in the county
- high winter employment
-increased congestion on single-lane roads
-worsening air pollution
- built on former brownfield sight - teach visitors about sustainability.
Farm diversification:
-62% of farmers are having to diversify alongside running a traditional farm - hard for farmers to earn by only doing traditional farming
-many farmers have taken advantage of EU grants to diversify their farms into b and b, alpaca farms or rent it out - Glastonbury
- increased land degradation and soil erosion.
Local enterprise zones:
-Newquay aero hub
-council business tax discount of up to 100% for up to 5 years.
- tax incentives to allow job creation
- attract businesses
- conversion of brownfield sites
-No planning permission is needed.
Literary and heritage projects:
- creates tourism, and visitors want to discover their cornish ancestry - mining heritage
- able to show pride in culture and language
- benefit local businesses
- used as a local film set
- preservation of local sites
- increases traffic in the summer months, and the jobs are mostly seasonal.
deprivation
-the lack of access to resources considered to be necessities, such as housing, income and public services.
- IMD can be used to measure the deprivation in an area
-reasons for inequality include: deindustrialization and the overheated South (North-South divide)
