coasts

Question 1

Bangladesh

​

Answer 1

Dynamic Pressures​:
-Most densely populated country in the world.​
-46% of the population lives below 10m (within LECZ)​
-Lies on the floodplain of 3 major rivers​
-Low levels of development (0.614 HDI)​

Causes of flooding:
-Land subsidence – Islands have sunk by 1.5 meters in 50 years (isostatic change)​
-Deforestation for farmland – roots bind sediment and prevent erosion e.g. mangrove swamps protecting from storm surges. 71% of mangrove coastlines retreat by 200m per year.​
-Low elevation – most of delta lies below 10m​
-Bay of Bengal is funnel shaped – waves increase in height as depth and width of the Bay decreases​

Effects of climate change:
-Higher ocean temperatures will mean greater rates of evaporation, adding more moisture to atmosphere.​
-Increasing temperatures cause water to expand (thermal expansion), causing eustatic change.​
-Increasing temperatures cause land ice to melt, increasing sea volume.​

Question 2

Managing Lyme Regis

Answer 2

Factors that influence rates of erosion:
- lies on slipped land that is made up of unstable soft clay and sand which moves over stronger limestone
- limestone and clay rock slope down to the sea - common for landslides
-rapid rates of coastal erosion
- the sea is rising, eroding the bottom of the cliffs - causing more landslides

What was done to manage the risk:
-4 zones and phases
-£35mn + spent since 1994 to prevent coastal erosion
- protect homes, roads and infrastructure from coastal erosion
-390m of coastline protected - seawall cost £19.5 million
- built a new sea wall and promenade with rock armour
-£17 mn on beach replenishment

Issus during construction:
- expensive for such a small community
- protection only lasts 50 years - need to spend more money
-

Question 3

ICZM(integrated coastal zone management )
Odisha, India, bay of Bengal

Answer 3

Stakeholders:
- government of Odisha
-Ministry of Environment
-SICOM
- world bank

-1450 sq km of Mangrove forest
- in 1999, Odisha had its largest cyclone where 10,000 people died
-37% of the coastline is rapidly eroding
-only 14% of the coastline is resistant

-200 hectares of Mangroves planted by citizens through education
- prevented crocodile extinction
- protected fishing communities
- provided alternative livelihoods for people, 400000 people benefitted from new jobs
- it was an equilibrium between economic development and sustainable livelihoods.

Question 4

Shoreline management plan
Holderness coastline

Answer 4

DEFRA: set out a national strategy for coastal defences. Led to the creation of a shoreline management plan(SMP)
Hold the line
Holderness coastline: Mappleton
- Europe most rapidly eroding coastline
*. Holderness coast is eroding at 1.7m per year on average
-seawall £1.8 - 6 million
-rip-rap £0.8 - 1.4 million
-groynes £0.1-1.5 million

Cost of erosion:
- relocation cost of resident
-grade 1 and 2 buildings lost
- the social cost to the local community, jobs are lost.

Benefits of protection:
-£4-7 million of property protected by 2015
-45 hectares of farmland protected
-caravan park saved, which provides local employment
Tourism brings £20 million in income per year

Question 5

Maldives

Answer 5

-only 81.5 meters above sea level
-tourism counts for 28% of the total GDP

Coastal flooding can cause:
-displacement of populations
-the death of coral
-the destruction of homes
-destroy resorts resulting in a loss of $2 billion to the tourism industry
-beach can suffer from increased erosion and sediment removal.

Question 6

south Dorset coastline

Answer 6

-concordant coastline with resistant limestone running parallel to the sea.
-clay and chalk strata lie further north

Question 7

Swanage- bay

Answer 7

-discordant coastline
- foreland headland present

Question 8

1953 Storm surge

Answer 8

-Mid-latitude depression moving south through the north sea and generating a 5m storm surge
-Affected Scotland, England, Netherlands and Belgium.
-Close to 10% of Dutch farmland flooded with 40,000 buildings being damaged
1800 deaths
-Deltawerken was put into place, $5 billion of costs
Flood barriers across river mouths in order to stop coastal flooding into those rivers such as the Rhine
-During a storm surge, embankments can be closed to shut the sea out.
-Costed $5 billion
-1600km of coastline was damaged
-Advance the Line strategy – Island of Flevopolder, one of the largest islands in the world reclaimed in 1955-1968 to fight against the Zuiderzee.
-400,000 hectares of land in Netherlands was flooded.

Question 9

Uk 2013-2014 storn surge

Answer 9

-Coastal flooding and other flooding due to a succession of depressions and their storm surges.
-Damage of around £1 billion
-17 deaths
-100,000 homes lost their electricity
-Tidal heights of 7.6m at Spurn Head