Regenerating Places

Question 1

Economies

1. Economic activity can be classified by sector: (4)
2. Economic activity can be classified by type: (6)
3. Places vary according to their:
4. Differences in economic activity occur from:
5. Inequalities in pay are reflected by:

Answer 1

1. Primary (agriculture), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (services) and quaternary (information)
2. Full time/ part time
   Permanent/ temporary
   Employed/ self employed
3. Economic activity which can be analysed using employment and outpost data. E.g. London has an unemployment rate of 7.8% whilst Birmingham’s rate is 6.3%. Birmingham has one of the biggest employment drop offs in the uk, having dropped from 7.5% between September and November 2014.
4. Variations in health, life expectancy and education levels.
5. Quality of life indices. Families with low income are ranked to have a lower quality of life than richer families.

Question 2

🔸Function and place characteristics

1. As places develop, what changes: (2)
2. Name 3 demographic changes
3. Name 4 Demographic changes in the UK:
4. What are the physical factors that contribute to place change? (4)
5. How does historical development contribute to place change? (4)

Answer 2

1. Functions and demographic characteristics
2. Age structure, ethnic composition and gentrification
3. Black ethnicity has increased in England and Wales, urban population has increased, more skilled people live in rural areas and rural areas have higher elderly population and lower employment rates.
4. Accessibility to other places, connectedness, historical development and role of local and national planning.
5. •Post production era (primary production and manufacturing has ended) •competition (land values have increased towards CBD because of access) •increased leisure and tourism affluence •changes in consumer trends (retail has changed to online shopping)

Question 3

6. How can deprivation of a place be measured?
7. What are the 7 domains of the index?
8. What is this index used for and by?

Answer 3

6. Multiple deprivation Index
7. Income, employment, education, health, crime, barriers to housing and services and living environment
8. Used by governments to target regeneration aid for places, such as areas with low education levels or crime hotspots.

Question 4

🔸economic and social inequalities

1. Provide an example of a successful place (7 reasons)
2. What’s the issue in San Francisco??

Answer 4

1. San Francisco Bay
2. Regenerated in mid 1980s and population started to increase, 64,000 new jobs created in 2015, 5,000 new homes, average annual wage of $60000, retail most common job, home of USAs gold rush with highly skilled workforce (Facebook, Google), 3.4% unemployment
3. Rated 3 on crime index (100 is safest)

Question 5

3. Provide an example of an unsuccessful place

4. Why is Rust Belt unsuccessful? (6)

Answer 5

3. Rust Belt, Detroit Eastern USA
4. Economic decline, increase poverty, urban decay due to shrinking of its one powerful industrial sector, Population in 1950 was 2 million and has decreased to 800K, unemployment rate is 30% and poverty rate is 38%

Question 6

5. Explain the difference between rural and urban decline.

6. Why have rural places started to grow?

Answer 6

5. Rural areas struggle because of young people leaving for better opportunities. Unlike urban areas which have environmental issues due to a lack of green space and conflicts with ethnicity.
6. Government investment in high speed broadband means highly skilled people can work in rural areas.

Question 7

7. Name the main 4 priories for regeneration

Answer 7

7. Commuter villages, gated communities, sink estates and declining rural settlements.

Question 8

🔸engagement and experience of a place

1. The lived experience and attachment to places varies according to: (5)
2. Explain why different groups would have contrasting views on regenerating a place. (6)

Answer 8

1. •age •gender •ethnicity •length of residence (feeling of belonging and being accepted) •levels of deprivation.
2. •Different groups will have different needs depending on their social and economic characteristics •different groups of residents will have varying levels of political engagement and access to power which affects their influence •regeneration projects vary in scale but are generally dominated by local and national governments •strategies may be leisure, retail, commercial or residential •not all local groups are likely to feel the same level of engagement •may be conflict between needs and planners

Question 9

🔸rebranding

1. Describe the difference between rebranding and reimaging

Answer 9

1. Rebranding attempts to make areas more attractive by improving public perceptions of them. This involves re-imaging places using media, art and events to enhance the image of rural and urban locations.

Question 10

Urban rebranding case study
2. Name a deindustrialised city that has been rebranded

3. Explain the rebranding in Glasgow

Answer 10

2. GLASGOW
3. There has been a long history of rebranding by planners and business leaders, using both long running attractions and one off events. Many of these have had a positive legacy on local areas, the city and country as a whole. A mix of sport, leisure and cultural catalysts have been used with infrastructure and improved physical environment being key to success.

Question 11

4. Provide a urban rebranding case study
5. Explain the rebranding scheme in Liverpool
6. Explain the contrasting views from 5 stakeholders of the Liverpool Waters development.

Answer 11

4. Liverpool Waters
5. £5.5 billion 30 year project - part of the £75 billion Atlantic Gateway Project from the port of Liverpool to Manchester. Liverpool waters covers 2km of waterfront, 9000 flats, shops, office spaces, a new cruise terminal and cultural buildings designed to attract Chinese businesses,
   reflecting the relation with Shanghai.
6. UNESCO want to ban it because of the potential damage to the existing world heritage site. Local press and blogs agree with it, as it will lead to jobs. The city council rebranding company (Liverpool Vision) aim to transform perceptions of Liverpool by building Liverpool Waters. Peel (property developers) think it’s a world class mixed use waterfront quarter.

Question 12

Rural rebranding case study

7. Provide a rural rebranding case study
8. Explain the success of the rebranding.

Answer 12

7. Kielder Water and Forest Park - in Northumberland, one of England’s most remote villages.
8. Attracts 345,000 visitors annually. It’s a national park because it has no national funding and generates revenue from car parking and the sites facilities. Conservation is integral to its plans with red squirrels. The dark skies is also attracting astrotourism. This human made place demonstrates how a large number of players (11) can work together successfully.

Question 13

🔸measuring success

1. The success of regeneration can be measured by; (3)

Answer 13

1. Income, poverty and employment

Question 14

🔸urban regeneration and stakeholders

1. What do the conservative government class as a success?
2. Provide an example of a successful urban regeneration
3. Provide 3 economic reasons for the success
4. Provide 5 social reasons for the success and a negative
5. Provide 2 environmental reasons for the success

Answer 14

1. “Achieving additional economic, social and environmental outcomes that would not otherwise have occurred” a good value for money
2. London 2012 Olympic Games
3. £13 billion injected into national economy, £130 million worth of new contracts for UK companies, it’s was so successful the Uk chose to hold the 2017 world Athletics to bring more investment.
4. 10,000 new homes, 12 more educational institutions, 3 health centres, leisure and cultural spaces, gentrification has mixed benefits (athlete flats converted into villages with 2800 new housing units. But prices are unaffordable for most locals).
5. 2.5 sq km of brownfield land and wetland restoration along the river Lea, 100 hectares of open green space created from demolished buildings.

Question 15

6. Explain the importance of local councils in urban regeneration. (3)
7. Explain the importance of developers in urban regeneration

Answer 15

6. Have a duty to tackle inequality in their communities, make local planning decisions, supported to balance out the economic, social and environmental needs of a locality.
7. Their role is to fund the scheme and the profits needs to be from an economic standpoint.

Question 16

🔸Rural regeneration and stakeholders

1. Name the 3 rural regeneration stakeholders
2. What makes rural regeneration a success? (5)
3. What is the importance of Defra government in rural regeneration?

Answer 16

1. Landowners, farmers and the governments Defra
2. Better leisure and retails, more jobs, more visitors, better housing and higher biodiversity.
3. Strategies such as the the community Righto Bid, which enables locals to run their own community buildings, such as the village shop, community centre or library.

Question 17

4. Provide an example of a community led successful rural regeneration scheme
5. Explain the success of the rural regeneration

Answer 17

4. Llanmadoc, Gower Peninsula, Wales 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 - remote village dominated by second homes
5. In 2007, 150 local residents paid £5000 for local shares to open a community shop, post office and cafe in an old barn run by 30 volunteer staff. This benefited tourists and moved onto a larger purpose built shop in the village.

Question 18

6. Provide an example of an unsuccessful rural regeneration scheme

Answer 18

6. Earth centre in Doncaster was a rural excolliery, redeveloped at £55 million as an environmental tourist centre. However, it failed to attract enough visitors and shut in 2004. Since then it has been turned into an outdoor adventure centre and its car park may be redeveloped into a large housing scheme.

Question 19

🔸local place studies - my rural regeneration example

1. What is my local regeneration example?
2. Explain this regeneration
3. What are the social and economic impacts of Eagles Meadow?
4. What are the environmental impacts?

PRIMARY DATA

Answer 19

1. Eagles Meadow shopping development, Wrexham - urban town on a rural
   Landscape
2. Opened in 2008 in a £100 million development. 306,000 square feet of retail space with apartments and 970 space car parks. Major stakeholders are the landowners and wrexham council.
3. Development has had major impacts on the CBD turning Wrexham into a clone town with the chain stores taking over the town. I carried out pedestrian and traffic counts which showed there are 300 more pedestrians in Eagles Meadow than the CBD on average per hour and over 1000 more vehicles. Land use surveys showed that the number of vacant shops in Wrexham’s CBD had tripled since the regeneration of Eagles Meadow. Even though Wrexham’s economy has largely benefited the traditional values have declined, a local resident said Eagles Meadow has “killed the town” from an interview.
4. I collected an environmental quality assessment and bi polar semantic differential to see the environmental impacts. From 20 surveys the CBD had more evidence of crime, 60% less greenery than Eagles Meadow and 35% more litter. Levels of deprivation much more significant in CBD.

Question 20

🔸local place studies - my urban regeneration comparison

1. What is my urban regeneration example?
2. Explain this urban regeneration
3. What are the social and economic impacts? (5)
4. What are the environmental impacts?

SECONDARY DATA

Answer 20

1. Liverpool One shopping development - large urban city
2. A 42 acre site between the city and the docks. Cost of £1 billion
3. National and international significance,magnet for major TNCs, 3300 new jobs in construction and 5000 permanent, 600 new apartments. I collected secondary data that showed 29 million people on CCTV footfall for year 2017.
4. A more unified city with more green space from rope walks and the waterfront.

Question 21

5. What are the similarities with the two schemes? (4)

6. What are the differences with the regeneration schemes? (3)

Answer 21

5. Both shopping developments aimed to attract more visitors, shown by the vast amount of footfall numbers. Both retail, commercial and leisure regeneration. Both huge income success with Liverpool One profiting £500 million and Eagles Meadow profiting £165 million in 2013. Both successful with employment, with Liverpool One creating 5000 new jobs and Eagles Meadow creating 1000.
6. The scale of the two places are massively different with Liverpool a population of over 2 million and Wrexham just over 60000. Wrexham is a small urban town in a rural landscape and Liverpool is a major city in the UK. With pedestrian numbers on average per hour in Eagles Meadow being 1300, compared to 3500 in Liverpool One.