Regenerating Places Flashcards
Why is vacant land often found in inner-city areas?
Deindustrialisation caused inner-city decline.
Why do some areas need regeneration more?
Deprivation from low wages, decline.
How can unemployment rates change over time?
Business closures or improved education.
Why are wages higher in some urban areas?
Skilled labor competition raises pay.
Why does unemployment vary between areas?
Education levels affect job access.
Why might young people vote less?
Disillusioned, feel unrepresented politically.
Why do older people vote more?
Policies target healthcare, pensions, support.
How has increased life expectancy impacted voting?
More older voters influence outcomes.
How does fracking investment affect inequality?
Non-fracking areas miss out economically.
How did the 2008 financial crisis affect unemployment?
Recession caused widespread job losses.
Why might migrants struggle in job markets?
Bypass education, lack local skills.
Why does high housing cost raise urban wages?
Employers pay more to compensate.
What proportion of vacant land is found closer to Detroit’s city center?
Higher proportion of vacant land as you get closer to the city center due to industrial decline.
What percentage of vacant lots are located near Detroit’s city center?
Approximately 50% of vacant lots are near the city center or its immediate vicinity.
How much of Detroit’s population has left the city since 1950?
Detroit’s population has fallen by 60% from 1.8 million in 1950 to around 700,000 today.
What is the unemployment rate in Detroit?
Detroit’s unemployment rate has been historically higher, with over 20% during the height of industrial decline.
How much has investment in regeneration increased in some areas?
Some areas saw regeneration investments of millions of pounds over a few years.
What percentage of local residents feel excluded from regeneration in some areas?
30% of local residents report feeling excluded from regeneration efforts.
How many fracking licenses have been granted in deindustrialised areas?
Over 100 fracking licenses have been granted in areas hit by deindustrialisation.
What percentage of the UK fracking licenses are in economically disadvantaged areas?
80% of UK fracking licenses are located in economically struggling regions.
How much has HS2 cost, and which areas benefit the most?
The HS2 project is projected to cost around £106 billion, mainly benefiting central England.
What is the projected economic impact of HS2 on the UK?
The project is expected to generate £15 billion in economic benefits by boosting productivity.
What age group saw the largest increase in many coastal areas due to migration?
The 65+ age group has seen a significant increase due to retirement migration.
By what percentage did ethnic diversity increase in some urban areas over the last decade?
Ethnic diversity has increased by 15% in some urban areas due to migration.
What is the percentage of student population in some university towns?
In university towns, students may make up to 20-25% of the population.
What percentage of the population in areas like Hyson Green is unemployed?
Areas like Hyson Green have an unemployment rate of around 25%.
What is the average household income in areas like Wollaton Park compared to Hyson Green?
Average household income in Wollaton Park is £40,000, while in Hyson Green it is closer to £20,000.
What is the rate of temporary contracts in deprived areas?
35% of jobs in some deprived areas are temporary or zero-hour contracts.
How much has investment helped reduce deprivation in certain areas?
Areas receiving regeneration investment have seen a 10-15% reduction in income deprivation.
What is the voter turnout in deprived areas like Middlesbrough?
Voter turnout in Middlesbrough is as low as 30%, compared to higher turnouts in wealthier areas.
How much lower is political engagement in deprived areas compared to more affluent areas?
Political engagement can be 20-25% lower in deprived areas.
What percentage of voters in deprived areas feel disconnected from politics?
Around 40% of voters in deprived areas report feeling disconnected from the political system.
Why do different groups have contrasting views on regenerating vacant land in cities?
Lived experiences influence perceptions of success.
How is rural regeneration success measured?
Economic, social, and environmental criteria vary.
What is the aim of rural rebranding?
Attract inward investment and visitors.
What are the limitations of rebranding?
Visitor influx may worsen congestion, pollution.
Why might planning restrictions hinder regeneration?
Limit industrial growth and job opportunities.
How does rebranding affect local residents?
Some benefit, others face lifestyle loss.
Why does rural rebranding sometimes fail?
Insufficient infrastructure and state aid needed.
How does regeneration usually improve the living environment?
Cleans polluted areas, improves public spaces.
What impacts may overcrowding have on regeneration?
Increased traffic, social stress, congestion.
What role do international influences play in local places?
Migration, trade policies, and culture shape communities.
Why do some urban places suffer from a spiral of decline?
Deindustrialisation leads to unemployment, deprivation.
What contributes to social deprivation in declining cities?
Lower wages, education, and employment opportunities.
Why does broadband access affect local economy?
Lack hinders digital industry and innovation.
What factors influence the quality of living environment?
Air quality, housing, public amenities, traffic.
Why do urban areas have poorer living environments?
Higher traffic, pollution, older housing stock.
How does deindustrialisation affect living quality?
Abandoned factories reduce environmental quality.
What impacts rural areas’ living environment?
Good air quality, poor housing conditions.
How do economic functions of places change?
Globalisation shifts industry, leisure grows.
How has retail changed in recent years?
Shift to online shopping, regeneration needed.
Why do rural areas experience economic shifts?
Better access, counter-urbanisation, changing industries.
How do rural regeneration strategies impact the environment?
New businesses may harm sensitive environments.
Why might retired residents oppose regeneration?
No economic benefit, lifestyle changes, risks.
What makes successful rural regeneration?
Diversification of employment, environment protection.
How does rebranding affect housing availability?
Second-home owners reduce housing for locals.
How do local farmers benefit from rebranding?
Access to investment, improved infrastructure.
Why do economically successful rural areas avoid rebranding?
Proximity to urban areas reduces need.
What limits regeneration in remote rural regions?
Need for substantial state aid, competition.
How does social deprivation vary by region?
Lower income, education, health in declining areas.
Why do declining urban regions face multiple deprivations?
Deindustrialisation leads to job and service loss.
How do technological changes affect rural functions?
Increased accessibility, shifts in economic roles.
Why do areas near cities have better regeneration?
Geographical proximity encourages investment and growth.
What factors cause urban sprawl in rural areas?
Improved transport and counter-urbanisation trends.
Why do rural areas need rebranding to compete?
Attract visitors, create demand for services.
How many visitors does the Eden Project attract annually?
Over 1 million visitors per year.
What was the population of Glasgow in 2021?
Approximately 635,000 people.
How many athletes competed in the London 2012 Olympics?
10,500 athletes from 204 countries.
What was the estimated cost of the Olympic Park regeneration in London?
£1.1 billion for the park.
How many jobs were created by the Markham Vale regeneration project?
Over 1,500 new jobs.
What was the unemployment rate in Bristol, South West, in 2021?
Around 4.5% unemployment rate.
What percentage of rural areas in the UK face depopulation?
Around 60% of rural areas.
How much did Swansea’s regeneration project cost?
£1 billion for city regeneration.
How many people live in the Stratford area of East London after regeneration?
Approximately 25,000 new residents.
What is the average wage in less successful urban regions, like parts of the South West?
Around £500 per week.
How many jobs were created at the Eden Project?
Over 650 jobs created.
How many visitors does Stratford’s Olympic Park attract annually?
Around 5 million visitors per year.
What is the population of the Swansea area post-regeneration?
Over 240,000 people in Swansea.
What was the cost of the regeneration of Markham Vale?
£90 million for the regeneration.
How much did the London 2012 Olympics contribute to UK GDP?
£2.1 billion contributed to UK GDP.
How many jobs were created by the regeneration of the Olympic Park?
Around 20,000 new jobs.
What was the unemployment rate in Glasgow as of 2021?
Around 6.3% unemployment rate.
How many new homes were built in Stratford after the London Olympics?
Over 11,000 new homes.
What is the number of new businesses created in the Markham Vale area?
Over 60 new businesses.
What percentage of rural areas experience higher-than-average unemployment?
Around 18% of rural areas.
What is central to rural regeneration success?
Diversification of rural employment.
How is regeneration success measured?
Through economic and social indicators.
What does rebranding aim to attract?
Inward investors and visitors.
What are potential risks of rebranding?
Traffic problems and over-saturation.
What can rebranding stress that deters investment?
Rural tranquility and remoteness.
Why might rebranding reduce industrial employment?
Due to planning restrictions in sensitive areas.
How might rebranding affect housing availability?
Increased second-home ownership.
Who benefits from rebranding in rural areas?
Younger locals and the unemployed.
What is often essential for successful rural regeneration?
Government aid and investment.
What themes does deprivation include?
Economic, social, health, and crime.
What is a ‘circle of deprivation’?
Low income leading to worse health, education, and crime.
How does economic deprivation affect social outcomes?
Leads to poor education, housing, and health.
What can reduce social deprivation?
Government interventions like youth support.
Why might low-income regions experience out-migration?
Lack of opportunities and poor quality of life.
What is the impact of government intervention on deprivation?
Can challenge deprivation through programs and investment.
What is a key factor in a region’s success?
Economic strength and resilience.
What can trigger regional decline?
Economic restructuring and industry closures.
What is the impact of geographical isolation?
Contributes to regional deprivation.
How does national investment affect success?
It can lead to regeneration and new opportunities.
What can unequal wealth distribution lead to?
Increased regional inequality.
How does educational achievement impact success?
Higher education leads to better employment opportunities.
What does changing public perception in regeneration aim to achieve?
Making areas more attractive to investors.
What can media exaggeration of success cause?
Superficial changes, overcrowding, and negative effects.
How do different stakeholders view regeneration success?
Based on their personal experiences and priorities.
What role do urban planners play in regeneration?
They seek complete transformation, which may displace locals.
What is a limitation of superficial regeneration?
It may lack lasting improvements in employment and infrastructure.
What causes controversy in regeneration?
Conflicting priorities among stakeholders.
How do residents generally react to regeneration?
Longtime residents may resist, while younger people may support.
What factor contributes to the success of regeneration projects?
Level of consultation and disruption during construction.
What is a common result after regeneration is complete?
Acceptance despite earlier objections.
How can environmentalists feel about regeneration?
They may support it if wildlife is prioritized.
What is the unemployment rate in Flanders?
5.8% (2020).
What is the unemployment rate in Walloon?
11.5% (2020).
What percentage of children live in poverty in Portland, Dorset?
17.2%.
What is the life expectancy in Walloon?
79 years.
What is the life expectancy in Flanders?
81.5 years.
What is the GDP per capita in Flanders?
€40,000.
What is the GDP per capita in Walloon?
€28,000.
What is the cost of the Crossrail project?
£15.9 billion.
What is the population of Newham, London?
350,000.
What is the unemployment rate in Cornwall (a rural area dependent on primary industries)?
Around 7.6% (2019).
What is the unemployment rate in Blackpool, a declining seaside town?
9.3% (2020).
What is the unemployment rate in Mansfield, a former coal mining town?
6.6% (2020).
How have national government policies impacted the UK economy post-deindustrialisation?
Restructuring economy, reducing negative externalities.
What is the shift in national government strategies regarding development?
From control to privatization and partnerships.
What divide has the UK government focused on addressing since the 1950s?
The North-South divide.
How have government decisions affected rural areas economically?
Limited investment, reduced economic status.
What role does infrastructure investment play in local economies?
Improves accessibility, boosts desirability.
How has deregulation influenced property prices in London?
Increased foreign investment, higher property prices.
What impact did the UK’s open-door immigration policy have?
Economic growth, changed demographic profiles.
How did regional policy grants aid depressed urban areas?
Supported road development, job relocation.
What impact have regional funding programs had on local areas?
Attracted investment, created jobs.
How did greenbelt legislation affect urban growth?
Limited land for housing, slowed development.
How have second homes impacted rural areas?
Reduced local housing supply, increased prices.
What effect did the Lake District and Yorkshire Dales National Parks have?
Increased house prices, limited local control.
What was the goal of the Green Belt and New Towns Act of 1946?
Promote counter-urbanisation and second homes.
What effect has the work-from-home initiative had on towns?
Growth of commuter towns, rising housing costs.
How do government decisions impact economic and social characteristics?
Varying positive or negative effects depending on the area.
How has deindustrialisation affected rural areas?
Decline, low-paid seasonal jobs, unattractive for youth.
What is the primary focus of rural regeneration schemes?
Rebranding, tourism, and income diversification.
What factors measure the success of rural regeneration?
Employment, in-migration, quality of life.
How do rural areas like Northumberland attract investment?
Farm diversification, organic produce demand.
What is the approach of areas like Brontë Country to tourism?
Maintain literary image, attract visitors.
What is a common strategy in regenerating remote rural areas?
Infrastructure projects, business parks.
How has Cornwall used flagship projects in regeneration?
The Eden Project, knowledge-based economy.
How do strict National Park regulations affect rural regeneration?
Limits commercial and residential development.
How has the rise in remote working affected rural areas?
Increased in-migration, temporary economic boosts.
What percentage did the Lake District National Park increase in size in 2015?
24% (1,400 square kilometers added).
What percentage did the Yorkshire Dales National Park increase in size in 2015?
3% (700 square kilometers added).
How much land was added to the Lake District National Park in 2015?
1,400 square kilometers.
How much land was added to the Yorkshire Dales National Park in 2015?
700 square kilometers.
What percentage of rural homes in some areas have been bought as second homes, impacting local housing?
Varies, but significant in areas like Cornwall and other rural regions.
What was the key impact on housing prices in Cornwall due to rebranding?
Increased housing prices due to demand for second homes and tourism.
How many people in Northumberland benefit from farm diversification and organic produce?
Thousands of people benefit, though specific figures aren’t provided, it’s a growing trend.
