Migration, Identity and Sovereignty Flashcards
What factors influence migration patterns related to HDI?
GDP per capita, labor demand, political stability.
How does the HDI relate to migration trends?
Higher HDI attracts migrants; lower HDI drives out-migration.
What factors complicate the relationship between HDI and migration?
Confusing causality, country size, regional agreements.
How do regional trading blocs affect migration?
Oblige countries to accept migrants (e.g., EU).
What effect do high HDI states have on migration despite resistance?
Resistance despite high HDI (e.g., Japan).
What is the role of the IMF in global economic stability?
Lender of last resort, structural adjustment programs.
How has the IMF promoted globalisation?
Through privatisation, deregulation, and devaluation.
How does the World Bank promote development?
Focus on large, top-down development projects.
What is the WTO’s goal?
Promote free trade, reduce tariffs and quotas.
How do global institutions affect developed vs developing countries?
Dominated by developed countries, especially the US.
How has globalisation affected national sovereignty?
Reduces decision-making power, especially in economics.
What is a tax haven state’s relationship with globalisation?
Growth due to globalisation, prioritises secrecy.
How do cultural and linguistic differences affect sovereignty?
Impedes full integration of global states.
How has globalisation affected resistance within some states?
Led to resistance and sovereignty reactions.
What is the significance of rivers like the Mekong?
Natural borders, difficult to cross, controlled access.
How do mountains like the Alps impact borders?
Natural barriers limit access and movement.
How do seas/oceans influence border control?
Provide defense, separation, and hazardous crossings.
What role do IGOs play in environmental management?
Coordinate efforts on global environmental issues.
What makes the Antarctica Treaty a success?
Scientific cooperation, no military, peaceful research.
What is the primary goal of global migration within nations?
Efficient resource allocation, economic opportunities.
What is the Hukou system in China?
Controls rural-to-urban migration, now relaxed.
Why is freedom of movement important in most countries?
Considered a fundamental right, vital for democracy.
What influences national identity in some countries?
Common language, physical borders, government action.
How do tribal or religious differences impact national identity?
Can weaken identity coherence, lead to fragmentation.
How does international migration affect national identity?
Blends cultures, challenges traditional identity.
How does sport impact national identity?
Strengthens identity, but effects may be short-lived.
How can rejection of national identity impact a country?
Threatens national unity, especially with extremist movements.
How many countries does the Mekong River flow through?
6 countries: China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam.
How many countries are in the Alps mountain range?
8 countries: France, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Austria, Slovenia, Germany.
How wide is the English Channel?
33.8 km wide.
How many countries signed the Antarctica Treaty by 2016?
53 countries.
How many rural-to-urban migrants were there in China by 2016?
Over 260 million.
How many ethnic groups are there in Nigeria?
Over 250 ethnic groups.
How many tickets were sold for the London 2012 Olympics?
9.6 million tickets.
What percentage of voters rejected British national identity in the 2014 Scottish referendum?
45% of voters.
Why do most migrants move?
For work or to join family.
What other reasons contribute to migration?
Conflict, poverty, and refugees.
What does economic theory say about migration?
Labour mobility maximises economic efficiency.
Which countries produce many migrants?
China, India, UK, New Zealand.
How do colonial links affect migration?
They encourage migration to former colonies.
What factors influence migration numbers?
Distance, population size, family ties.
How do strict government controls impact migration?
They limit migration from less skilled populations.
What challenges do small nations face?
Limited tax revenue, independence costs.
How do small nations specialise?
By offering financial services (e.g., Switzerland).
What are currency issues for smaller states?
Whether to keep or join a currency union.
Why do small countries join larger groupings?
For economic and political benefits.
What challenge do remote nations face?
High infrastructure and service costs.
How has Brexit affected Scotland?
It removed Scotland from the EU.
What impact did Brexit have on Scotland’s finances?
Scotland lost EU financial benefits.
What led to Catalonia’s failed independence movement?
Lack of recognition from Spain and the world.
What environmental challenges do IGOs manage?
Oceans, rivers, and Antarctica.
What successes have IGOs had?
Montreal Protocol and Antarctic agreements.
What challenges do IGOs face in environmental management?
Slow progress and national interests.
Why are global environmental challenges worsening?
Increasing wealth, consumption, and car ownership.
What role do TNCs play in global taxation?
They use tax havens to reduce taxes.
What has been the reaction to tax havens?
Accepted by most, opposed by NGOs.
How does globalisation impact wealth inequalities?
Growing inequalities due to low taxation.
How has globalisation increased trade and cooperation?
Through organisations like IMF, WTO, and UN.
What remains strong despite globalisation?
Nationalism and local loyalty.
How does nationalism challenge globalisation?
Through independence movements and referenda.
What is an example of a nationalist movement?
Scotland’s push for independence.
How has globalisation affected personal lifestyles?
People shop globally, use media worldwide.
How do TNCs complicate national interests?
Through global production and influence.
How has the pandemic affected nationalism?
Governments have strengthened border protections.
How has Trump’s foreign policy affected nationalism?
Emphasis on isolationism (‘America First’).
What can influence migration between nearby countries?
Language, safety, and family ties.
What was the impact of World War II on UK migration?
Needed immigrant labour for reconstruction.
What migration patterns exist in the EU?
Movement for work between member states.
Why does the USA have many migrants?
Large population, opportunities, family reunification.
What role do former colonies play in migration?
Strong family ties encourage further migration.
How much EU funding did Scotland receive between 2014-2020?
€941 million.
What was Scotland’s voting percentage in favor of staying in the EU during Brexit?
62%.
How far is the UK from Australia, a key migration source?
Over 10,000 miles.
How much of the South Sudanese population is Muslim?
20%.
What was the number of refugees displaced globally in 2021?
89.3 million (source: UNHCR).
What is the estimated size of Qatar’s migrant population (as a percentage of total)?
Approximately 88%.
What percentage of immigrants to the UK come from former Commonwealth countries?
About 25%.
How many migrants does the USA receive annually on average?
Around 1 million (varies by year).
How much did the UK’s net migration total in 2019?
270,000 (official estimate).
How many migrants moved from Eastern Europe to the UK in 2015?
500,000+ (approximate).
How many people are estimated to have died in the South Sudanese conflict?
Over 400,000 (since 2013).
What was the global carbon dioxide emission reduction target set by the Paris Agreement in 2015?
Reduce emissions by 40-70% by 2050.
How many countries signed the Montreal Protocol in 1987?
197 countries.
What percentage of South Africa’s population was displaced due to apartheid policies by the 1990s?
Over 20%.
How many people were displaced by the Rwandan Genocide in 1994?
Over 2 million.
What percentage of the UAE’s population are foreign workers?
Approximately 90%.
Why might states seek to claim adjacent territory or seabed?
To gain valuable resources.
What cultural group is found across Turkey, Iraq, and Syria?
The Kurds.
What encourages states with low tax regimes to thrive?
Globalisation and tax havens.
What role do TNCs play in creating inequality?
They cause cultural change and environmental damage.
What causes rural-urban migration?
Changes in the global economic system.
What does migration due to conflict often result in?
Seeking safety or freedom from persecution.
What factors influence migration rates?
Government policies, language, and culture.
How do migrants contribute to a country’s GDP?
By increasing the workforce and tax contributions.
What influences the level of assimilation of migrants?
Time, policies, and cultural differences.
What was the result of the partition of Kashmir?
The First Kashmir War in 1948.
What is the role of IGOs since 1945?
They promote global governance and trade.
What is the purpose of the WTO?
To manage global trade and economic development.
Why do countries use tax havens?
To avoid paying high taxes.
How does globalisation impact environmental issues?
It contributes to sea level rise and droughts.
What is UNCLOS’s role in global governance?
It governs the use of oceans and marine resources.
What has been the challenge with COP26 goals?
Failure to phase out coal and achieve climate targets.
Why do people migrate from sub-Saharan Africa?
Due to economic disparities and poverty.
How does globalisation affect migration patterns?
It increases migration due to economic and social factors.
What does the concept of EEZ refer to?
Exclusive rights to marine resources within 200 nautical miles.
Why do countries contest borders in regions like Africa?
Due to colonial history and ethnic divisions.
What has been the impact of Switzerland’s tax policies?
Encouraged economic development through low taxes.
How do political tensions affect emerging economies?
They arise from competition for resources.
What role does global migration play in economic growth?
It boosts GDP by expanding the workforce.
What is the relationship between foreign-born populations and GDP?
As foreign-born increases, GDP tends to grow.
What are the main threats to the Southern Ocean?
Over-fishing and illegal whaling.
How did historical treaties like the Montreal Protocol help?
By phasing out harmful substances like CFCs.
Why is migration often limited by national identity?
Governments protect sovereignty and culture.
How does language proficiency affect assimilation?
It helps migrants gain employment and integrate.
What is the role of the UN in environmental issues?
It coordinates global agreements on climate change.
What is the significance of the Scramble for Africa?
It created borders without considering ethnic groups.
What is the length of the coastline for the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of China?
China claims over 2.9 million square kilometers in the South China Sea.
How many distinct ethnic groups are in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)?
240 ethnic groups.
How much did COP26 commit in financial pledges for achieving net-zero?
$130 trillion.
What is the population of the Uighur minority in China?
Approximately 12 million.
How many migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa are estimated to move towards Europe annually?
Over 200,000.
How much of the global GHGs are produced by the five key systems in the World Bank’s 2016 Climate Change Action Plan?
Over 90%.
What is the size of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) claimed by the United States?
11.4 million square kilometers.
How many people were displaced due to the Syrian Civil War by 2020?
Over 13 million people.
How much land area did the Soviet Union have before its dissolution?
22.4 million square kilometers.
What percentage of global migrants live in the EU?
Approximately 20% of global migrants.
How many years did the apartheid system last in South Africa?
46 years (1948-1994).
How many EU member states are required to comply with EU law, which takes precedence over national law?
27 member states must comply with EU law.
What percentage of European Union law is influenced by international treaties and agreements?
Over 80% of EU law is influenced by international treaties.
What was the UK’s trade deficit with the EU in 2020, illustrating the economic dependence before Brexit?
£95 billion trade deficit.
What percentage of EU legislation is shaped by international bodies like the WTO or the UN?
Around 30% of EU law is influenced by global treaties and institutions.
How many EU regulations limit the sovereignty of member states in areas like trade and human rights?
Thousands of regulations constrain national sovereignty.
How many countries are in the International Criminal Court (ICC), limiting state sovereignty in legal matters?
123 countries are members of the ICC.
How many countries are members of the World Bank, which sets financial policies affecting sovereignty?
189 countries are members of the World Bank.
What percentage of global trade is facilitated by the World Trade Organization (WTO), affecting national economic sovereignty?
Over 98% of world trade is facilitated by WTO rules.
How many McDonald’s outlets are there worldwide, demonstrating the spread of global consumer culture?
Over 39,000 outlets globally.
What is globalization?
Increased trade, migration, capital, goods, TNCS.
What does sovereignty refer to?
State’s ability to act independently.
How has globalization affected sovereignty?
Eroded sovereignty through interdependence, interconnectedness.
How do TNCS and NGOs affect sovereignty?
They influence and weaken state power.
How does nationalism affect identity?
Challenges identity in multicultural countries.
What does globalization challenge regarding sovereignty?
Ability to control borders and flows.
How does the flow of goods impact identity?
Makes national identities harder to distinguish.
What is McDonaldisation in globalization?
Homogenization of culture through global goods.
How do TNCs adjust to cultural preferences?
Tailor products to local tastes.
How does globalization reinforce national identity?
Immigrant nations reflect on national identity.
How do global governance institutions affect sovereignty?
Limit sovereignty through binding decisions.
How do IMF and World Bank affect sovereignty?
Conditional loans reduce policy autonomy.
How do capital flows impact sovereignty?
Pushes states toward free-market capitalism.
How does WTO affect state sovereignty?
States adjust practices to international rulings.
What is an example of a supranational institution?
EU law supersedes national law.
When may sovereignty be reduced?
When governments fail to meet needs.
How do some countries resist globalization?
By protecting local products and cultures.
How does nationalism relate to globalization?
Reinforces identity despite global influence.
What is a potential argument for giving up sovereignty?
Cooperation needed for global systems.
Is total loss of sovereignty likely?
Unlikely, due to national opposition.
How has globalization made cultural differences more evident?
Reduces barriers, highlights cultural diversity.
How do international bodies affect sovereignty?
Judicial bodies like ICC limit sovereignty.
What do neoliberal policies promote?
Privatisation and deregulation in economies.
What is an example of national resistance?
France protects language in films.
How does globalisation influence state borders?
Borders become porous, eroding sovereignty.
How does globalisation create interdependence?
Global flows of people, ideas, goods.
What is the effect of political globalisation?
Global institutions limit state sovereignty.
How do local identities resist globalisation?
By consuming local products, celebrating uniqueness.
What do critics argue about TNCs?
Homogenising countries into a global era.
How many McDonald’s outlets exist globally (2024)?
Over 40,000 locations in 100+ countries.
When did France introduce quotas on French-language films?
1994 under the Toubon Law.
When did Iran ban Barbie dolls?
1996, due to Western cultural influence.
