Regenerating places Flashcards
What are the four different economic sectors?
- Primary: getting raw materials from the natural environment (e.g., farmers).
- Secondary: manufacturing (making things) (e.g., factory work).
- Tertiary: service (e.g., shopkeepers).
- Quaternary: research and development (e.g., IT and STEM work).
What are the three types of employment?
- Part-time/full-time.
- Temporary/permanent.
- Employed/self-employed.
What changes occurred in the primary sector from 1980s to 2015?
Down 45%, buying from abroad, global shift, and manufacturing advances.
What changes occurred in the secondary sector from 1980s to 2015?
Down 43%, post-industrial UK, industrial revolution.
What changes occurred in the tertiary sector from 1980s to 2015?
Up 49%, from pre to post-industrial UK.
What changes occurred in the quaternary sector from 1980s to 2015?
Up 113%, due to IT development.
What is the measure of deprivation?
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD).
How does the Index of Multiple Deprivation work?
It has 7 domains which factor into a total score.
What are the 7 domains of the Index of Multiple Deprivation?
- Income.
- Employment.
- Education.
- Health.
- Crime.
- Barriers to housing and services.
- Living environment.
What are two ways to measure engagement in places?
- Support for local community groups.
- Local and national election turnout.
Give an example of an engaged place due to local community groups.
Transition Town Totnes:
- Totnes Pound (less economic leakage of TNCs, more reliance on local businesses).
- Garden sharing scheme (elderly and young population involved in a sustainable project, reducing TNC reliance).
Where in the UK has the highest turnout for election engagement and why?
South West UK, especially Cornwall and Devon, due to higher funding and a population of retirees who are traditional voters.
Where is a lower area of turnout for election engagement in the UK and why?
Northern Ireland, due to physically isolated areas and a feeling that their issues are less catered for by the government.
What are five things national governments can do for regenerating places?
- Adopt planning laws and housing targets.
- Grant or deny fracking permission.
- Deregulate markets to encourage FDI.
- Encourage/discourage international migration.
- Invest in infrastructure.
What is the case study for a regenerated place?
Stratford, East London.
When were the docks built for Stratford?
1800.
When did the docks close and how many closed?
1960s-1980s, 11 docks closed.
Why did the docks close?
Due to containerism, which increased the flow of goods by large containers, making it impossible for large container ships to fit down the canals of the Thames to Stratford docks.
How much derelict land did the closing of the docks bring?
21 km².
What else closed in Stratford?
The railway works.
How many people had the railway works previously employed?
6000 people.
In 2001, how much worse was unemployment in Stratford compared to the national average?
4% worse.
In 2001, how much worse was house ownership in Stratford compared to the national average?
40% worse.
What are two economic reasons why Stratford needed regeneration?
- Low average salary of £20,000.
- Highest levels of unemployment in London.
What are two environmental reasons why Stratford needed regeneration?
- Illegal dumping of toxic chemicals and oil in canals.
- 21 km of derelict brownfield land.
What are three social reasons why Stratford needed regeneration?
- Males in Stratford lived an average of 8 years younger than those in Chelsea.
- 33% of GCSE pupils receiving 4+ grades.
- 1 in 4 houses overcrowded.
What was the IMD decile in 2019 in Stratford for barriers to housing and services?
10% decile most deprived in the UK.
What was the IMD decile in 2019 in Stratford’s living environment?
20% most deprived in the UK.
What was the IMD decile in 2019 in Stratford’s crime?
30% most deprived in the UK.
What was the overall IMD for Stratford in 2019?
30% most deprived in the UK.
What are four economic success facts for Stratford’s regeneration?
- Olympics brought more than £9 billion of investment into the area, mostly towards transport.
- Stratford got a tube station, making commuting easier.
- Average salary increased from £20,000 to £50,000.
- Westfield shopping centre has an annual turnover of £1.2 billion to the local economy.
What are four economic losses of Stratford’s regeneration?
- Olympic stadium cost £701 million.
- Rent prices increased.
- 60% of new homes in East Village were unaffordable.
- It cost £9.3 billion to host the Olympics (local and national government).
What are five social successes of Stratford’s regeneration?
- East Village (ex-athletes village) provided 2800 new homes.
- £50 million pool in the National Aquatic Centre.
- Construction college set up for job training.
- 5 new neighborhoods with 8000 new homes, doctors’ surgeries, and schools.
- Westfield shopping centre provided 10,000 new jobs that did not require skilled qualifications.
What are two social losses of Stratford’s regeneration?
- 450 people had to move for East Village to be built, struggling to find new homes due to rising rent prices and gentrification.
- Clays Lane had shared housing for people with mental health issues, fostering community; this was demolished, scattering 400 residents.
What are the environmental losses due to Stratford’s regeneration?
- Wildlife relocated (4000 newts).
- Games produced 3.3 million tonnes of CO2.
- Many materials, although recycled, were sourced from abroad.
What are four environmental successes of Stratford’s regeneration?
- Stadiums made of 25% recycled materials.
- Green areas set up around the River Lea and canals cleared of toxic chemicals.
- 4,000 trees planted.
- New wetland habitats created and newt breeding sites established.
Give an example of adopting laws and housing targets under the Conservatives (PM Margaret Thatcher).
Working-class people were given the right to buy their council homes and pass them down to their children.
How did adopting laws and housing targets under the Conservatives (PM Margaret Thatcher) regenerate the UK?
Better housing quality and saving more money for local residents.
What is a statistic about adopting laws and housing targets under the Conservatives (PM Margaret Thatcher)?
Over 2 million council tenants took advantage of this scheme and bought their homes/flats.
What is an advantage of adopting laws and housing targets under the Conservatives (PM Margaret Thatcher)?
Houses were sold at generous discounts, making them affordable for more of the population.
What is a disadvantage of adopting laws and housing targets under the Conservatives (PM Margaret Thatcher)?
Working-class people could not always afford to buy these homes, benefiting mainly the middle/upper class.
Give an example of adopting laws and housing targets under Labour (PM Lloyd George).
The government aimed to spend money on new housing, each with gardens, trees, and hedges.
How did adopting laws and housing targets under Labour (PM Lloyd George) help regeneration?
Higher quality housing improved area appearance, social benefits enhanced quality of life, and environmental regeneration increased biodiversity.
What are two advantages of adopting laws and housing targets under Labour (PM Lloyd George)?
- People owned better standards of homes, increasing quality of life.
- Environmental habitat and biodiversity improved.
What is a disadvantage of adopting laws and housing targets under Labour (PM Lloyd George)?
Funding for new housing came from taxpayers, causing discontent among existing homeowners.
What is fracking and when was it stopped?
Fracking is extracting oil and gas from the ground by forcing a mix of water, sand, and chemicals into the ground at high pressure. It was stopped in 2019.
What was the national governmental policy on fracking prior to 2019?
Shale gas from fracking provided the UK with energy security and jobs, but the policy was reduced to achieve net zero by 2050.
How did fracking help regenerate areas in the UK?
- TNCs came to the UK, generating employment and a multiplier effect.
- It helped local economies with loyalty payments to homeowners and jobs created by shale gas companies.
Give an example of a fracking TNC in the UK.
British Drilling and Freezing Company (BDF).
What are the advantages of fracking in the UK?
- Only way to extract gas and oil in certain locations.
- Reduces the need to import from abroad.
- Produces less carbon emissions than burning coal.
What are the disadvantages of fracking?
- Cannot be done everywhere (e.g., national parks or farmland).
- Not a clean energy source as it releases CO2 and methane.
- Unhealthy for humans, causing premature births, migraines, and skin conditions.
Give an example of encouraging international migration.
Free movement of people in the EU since 1995; the UK opted not to block workers from 10 Eastern and Central European countries in 2004.
How did encouraging international migration help regenerate the city of Corby?
- Before the policy, Corby relied mainly on manufacturing for employment.
- After the policy, 700,000 settled in fast-growing places like Corby.
- Eastern European entrepreneurs established businesses there.
- Since 2006, crime and antisocial behavior have declined.
What are three advantages of encouraging international migration?
- Eastern European migrants generally have more skilled qualifications.
- They pay more tax than they take out in benefits.
- Migrants create new jobs, boosting agricultural production.
What are three disadvantages of encouraging international migration?
- Hard to measure the impact of migration on communities due to little evidence.
- Migrants often take low-paying jobs despite having high qualifications.
- Higher percentages of crime victims among migrants compared to UK citizens.
What is deregulation of capital markets in the UK?
Removing government regulations in certain industries to allow companies to make more efficient decisions and promote healthy competition.
How does deregulation of capital markets generate regeneration?
- Business owners can change buildings into residential areas.
- Increased property value due to residential potential.
- More residents create jobs and services.
- Economic growth from employment brings a multiplier effect.
What are four advantages of deregulation of capital markets?
- Increases house value.
- Higher workforce.
- Economic growth.
- More customer choice and lower prices.
What are three disadvantages of deregulation of capital markets?
- More power for monopolies in housing.
- Potential job losses.
- Lower regulations for important services.
Give an example of infrastructure investment as a national governmental policy.
Heathrow Airport expansion: a third runway northwest of the existing two.
How does infrastructure investment help regeneration?
- 70,000 jobs created by 2050.
- Increased flow of goods and imports/exports.
- Multiplier effect.
- Value of trade in 2019 at Heathrow was £188 billion, aiding UK regeneration.
What are four advantages of infrastructure investment?
- Eases congestion in central London.
- Employment and income opportunities.
- Facilitates larger planes and increased flows of goods and people.
- Boosts tourism.
What are four disadvantages of infrastructure investment?
- Increases carbon emissions by 25 million tonnes from car traffic and flights.
- Displacement of residents in Sipson and Harmondsworth.
- Expensive £14 billion project.
- Part of the M25 diverted, which is lengthy and costly.
What is a second example of investment in infrastructure?
HS2: two new high-speed rail networks from London to Birmingham and from Manchester to Leeds, with speeds up to 400 km/h.
What are four arguments in favor of HS2?
- Reduces the North-South divide for growth in the North and Midlands.
- Journey time from Leeds to Birmingham decreased from 1 hour 58 minutes to just 58 minutes.
- Creates 22,000 new construction jobs leading to a multiplier effect.
- For every pound spent, £1.90 is generated.
What are four arguments against HS2?
- Cost almost £43 billion.
- 600 homes bulldozed.
- Will use 50% more energy than Eurostars, negatively impacting the environment.
- Ruins the Chiltern area of natural beauty.
What roles do local governments have in regenerating places?
Local enterprise zones (45 in the UK) and science parks.
What are local enterprise zones?
- Business tax discounts up to 100% for up to 5 years.
- Simplified local authority planning with automatic planning permission for developments in some areas.
- Access to superfast broadband.
What do enterprise zones encourage?
They attract particular companies and businesses, leading to more investment, possibly even FDI.
Give an example of an enterprise zone in the UK.
Newquay Airohub, Cornwall, partners with Cornwall Council and private investors to diversify Cornwall’s economy from just tourism.
How does Newquay Airohub Cornwall make regeneration?
- 700 high-value skilled permanent jobs created.
- Diversifies the local economy.
What is simplified local authority planning?
Automatically grants planning permission with developments in some areas.
What do enterprise zones encourage?
Attract particular companies and businesses and more investment, possibly even FDI.
Example of an enterprise zone in the UK and its significance?
Newquay Airohub, Cornwall has a partnership with local Cornwall Council and private investors, diversifying Cornwall’s economy from just tourism.
How does Newquay Airohub Cornwall’s special enterprise zone contribute to regeneration?
700 high-value skilled permanent jobs presumed created in the first year and attracts aviation businesses, creating income and a multiplier effect.
Advantages of Newquay Airohub special enterprise zone?
700 jobs expected in the first year and companies such as Apple Aviation and Cornwall Air Ambulance invested here.
Disadvantages of Newquay Airohub special enterprise zone?
Only 450 jobs created in the first year and not completely new jobs as Cornwall Air Ambulance only relocated from Truro Royal Cornwall Hospital.
What role do national governments have in special enterprise zones?
Plan and set up.
What is NIMBYism?
The opposition of residents to proposed development in their area.
Examples of media sources that pose views on a place’s need for regeneration?
TV, articles, radio.
What are the political viewpoints from reported media?
Guardian (left-wing-Labour), BBC (centre), Daily Mail (right-wing-Conservative).
What do left-wing/Labour perspectives say about the need for regeneration?
Focus on environmental deprivation, lack of money flow, social opportunities, and employment.
What does the BBC’s central political view say?
Touches on social, economic, and environmental aspects evenly.
What does the Conservative focus on regarding needs for regeneration?
Emphasizes the physical state and need for economic increase, with less focus on social aspects.
Why could views from media be different?
Large range of data can be manipulated, outsider companies may lack insight, and companies may convey more positive outcomes to attract readers.
What are the four main types of regeneration?
Retail-led, leisure and sport-led, rural diversification, tourism-led.
What types of regeneration were present in Stratford?
Sport-led and retail-led.
What is significant about the regeneration of Stratford?
Hosted the 2012 London Olympics.
How much investment was put into the Stratford regeneration project?
£12 billion publicly and privately through tax from national government and private sectors.
How was Stratford an example of sport-led regeneration?
Athletes’ village turned into East Village providing 2800 homes and the National Aquatic Centre became a public pool.
What evidence supports the retail-led regeneration of Stratford?
Westfield shopping centre providing 10,000 jobs and rebranding the area with famous retail names.
How was Stratford rebranded?
West Ham football stadium and Westfield featuring big-name shops such as Hollister.
What sectors funded the regeneration of Stratford?
The private and public sectors.
What was the role of the private sector in Stratford’s regeneration?
Westfield, a private French-owned company, borrowed £700 million to build it and now has an annual turnover of £1.2 billion.
How did public sector investment contribute to Stratford’s regeneration?
The national government paid £9.3 billion to host the Olympic Games, recouped through ticketing, TV sponsorship, and selling houses.
Who were the key players in Stratford’s regeneration?
Local government, national government, and Westfield private company.
What role did the local government play in Stratford’s regeneration?
The London Legacy Development Corporation (LLDC) was formed in 2012 to secure the Olympic bid and create new neighborhoods and facilities.
What did the local government want from Stratford’s regeneration?
Social priorities such as more residents, better facilities, housing, and funding for the area.
What was the role of the national government in Stratford’s regeneration?
Supported the Olympic bid and provided funding to help the local government oversee developments.
What did the national government want from Stratford’s regeneration?
Economic growth and higher flows of money into the area.
Three other stakeholders in Stratford’s regeneration?
Local businesses, local residents, environmental groups.
How might environmental groups have been affected by Stratford’s regeneration?
Increased pollution and congestion, but may have benefited from new wetland habitats.
How might local businesses have been affected by Stratford’s regeneration?
Could deplete in production or close down due to competition from large TNCs.
How might local residents have been affected by Stratford’s regeneration?
Displaced from homes due to demolition or increased rent prices, affected by traffic congestion.
What is the biggest conflict among stakeholders?
Between environmental groups and local/national governments.
What was the biggest change in census data in Stratford between 2001 and 2011?
Professional occupations increased by 32%.
What change occurred in housing quality in Stratford between 2001 and 2011?
No central heating decreased by 5%.
What health change occurred in Stratford from 2001 to 2011?
Good health increased by 18%, now higher than the national average.
Reasons for why Stratford needed regeneration?
Historical development (docks closing), accessibility issues, physical factors, and lack of employment.
What industry was in Stratford before post-industrialization?
Famous porcelain factories.
How has Stratford changed from pre-industrial to post-industrial?
80% of people now employed in the quaternary sector and 16% in quaternary employment.
How has the demographic of age changed in Stratford from 2001 to 2011?
Working age increased by 8%, possibly due to women pursuing careers longer.
How has the demographic of ethnic composition changed in Stratford from 2001 to 2011?
Asian population increased by almost 25%, likely due to increased job opportunities.
What does the increase of wealthy people in Stratford bring?
Gentrification, which challenges lower-income residents with rising rent and house prices.
Economic impacts of gentrification on businesses?
Small local businesses may struggle to compete with chain shops.
How has Stratford’s regeneration negatively impacted identity and belonging?
Displacement of businesses and homes and older generations may dislike changes.
How has Stratford’s regeneration positively impacted identity and belonging?
More job opportunities, sports opportunities for youth, and ethnic communities may feel more valued.
Why are rural areas deprived?
Resource deprivation, opportunity deprivation, and mobility deprivation.
What is a contrasting regenerating place?
St Blaise, Cornwall.
What did the EU acknowledge about St Blaise in 1999?
Awarded objective 1 status due to low incomes.
What record does Cornwall hold?
Lowest wage-earning county in Wales and England.
Why do Cornwall’s transport links contribute to its deprivation?
M5 motorway ends at Exeter, making access difficult, and it’s 225 miles from London’s economic core.
How does historical decline of industries contribute to Cornwall’s deprivation?
Advances in technology and competition from cheaper places abroad lead to unemployment.
What industry does Cornwall rely on, and how does it increase deprivation?
Tourism, which is seasonal, and competition from budget airlines can decline tourism.
How do socioeconomic factors contribute to Cornwall’s deprivation?
Second home ownership leads to gentrification and increased rent prices.
What famous site is now in St Blaise?
The Eden Project.
Why was St Blaise deprived?
Site of an abandoned clay quarry; unemployment rose after the clay mining industry closed.
What are science parks?
Areas created by local councils with universities to enhance infrastructure and transport links.
What is a successful place?
A place with abundant economic, social, and environmental opportunities that is self-sustaining.
What is cumulative causation?
A process where TNC investments create jobs, improving living standards and tax revenues.
Example of a successful place in the UK?
Berkshire, in South East England.
Example of cultural success in Berkshire?
Midsummer Murders filmed here.
How was Berkshire successful due to transport links?
Connected to M4 motorway and M25, near Heathrow Airport.
How did transport links influence Berkshire’s success?
Attracted investments due to easy flow of goods.
Population growth example in Berkshire?
Slough has been the fastest growing town in the UK since 2001.
What employment opportunities exist in Slough, Berkshire?
Major TNCs investing in the quaternary sector.
What percentage of workers in Berkshire are employed in knowledge-based and managerial professions?
Roughly half.
Why else is Berkshire successful?
In 2011, 11,000 migrant workers were recruited from outside the EU.
What are unsuccessful places?
Places experiencing deindustrialization leading to economic decay.
What is a rust belt?
Regions characterized by declining industry and population, like Detroit in the US.
Example of an unsuccessful place?
Detroit, USA.
When did Detroit deindustrialize?
100 years ago.
Why did Detroit deindustrialize?
Car industries moved to Japan due to globalization.
What was the main factory in Detroit and how many jobs were lost?
General Motors closed three plants, losing 14,000 jobs.
What was the income status of Detroit’s families 100 years ago?
1/3rd of families’ incomes were below US poverty levels.
By 2013, how much derelict land was left in Detroit?
1/4th of all land.
What happened as a result of Detroit’s depopulation?
White flight occurred as whites moved to the suburbs.
How much of the population did Detroit lose?
1/4 of its population.
What are the three processes that made Detroit unsuccessful?
Depopulation, dereliction, deindustrialization.
Example of a science park and local government role for regeneration?
Cambridge Science Park.
Name a company that works in Cambridge Science Park and what they do?
Bango, a tech company working with Google and Amazon.
How much did the local government pay for Cambridge Science Park?
£7.2 million for the large work building.
Who gave planning permission for Cambridge Science Park?
Cambridge City Council.
Why has Cambridge Science Park attracted businesses?
Tech infrastructure, broadband, large eco-friendly workspace, skilled workforce, social events, and transport links.
How does Cambridge Science Park benefit the wider area?
Provides indirect jobs and increases tax revenue for regeneration projects.
What is one disadvantage of Cambridge Science Park?
Not in the center, putting pressure on local infrastructure.
What characterizes a friendly workplace?
Abundant greenery and eco-conscious practices.
What is a benefit of having a skilled workforce?
People skilled in management contribute to effective operations.
What social events are held at Cambridge Science Park?
Weekly table tennis events.
What transport links are near Cambridge Science Park?
Proximity to the M11 motorway.
How does Cambridge Science Park benefit the wider area?
Provides indirect jobs such as construction, catering, and transport, leading to a multiplier effect.
What is one disadvantage of Cambridge Science Park?
It is not in the center, putting pressure on the surrounding green belt.
What are the advantages of local government?
Specific to local needs and benefits local businesses.
What are the disadvantages of local government?
Higher budget demands and smaller area of control.
What are the advantages of national government?
Wider area, bigger budget, higher access to resources, and more control.
What are the disadvantages of national government?
Less specific to local needs and lower environmental and social priority.
What are three rural rebranding strategies?
Farm diversification, heritage and literary tourism, outdoor events and adventure pursuits.
What is an example of farm diversification?
Tulleys Farm has the biggest fright night in Europe with 80,000 visitors yearly.
Generates huge income but can cause traffic congestion and seasonal limitations.
What is an example of heritage and literary tourism?
More than 70,000 Japanese visit the Lake District yearly to see Beatrix Potter’s work.
Generates money through tourism but can lead to congestion and overcrowded towns.
What is an example of outdoor events and pursuits?
Honister Pass via ferrata.
Generates income but may involve expensive setup and crowding.
What are the positive impacts of gentrification?
Wealthier residents spend more, creating a multiplier effect and new opportunities.
What are the negative impacts of gentrification?
Unemployment due to local businesses closing and unaffordable housing.
What is rebranding?
Redeveloping and marketing places to gain a new identity for attracting work, investment, and visitors.
Example: Titanic Quarter, Belfast.
Why did Titanic Quarter, Belfast need rebranding?
It was suffering from deindustrialization and sociopolitical unrest since the 1960s.
What was the new image of Titanic Quarter, Belfast?
Historical significance as the site where Titanic was built, with the Titanic Belfast visitor center attracting 1 million visitors in the first year.
What income has tourism generated from the rebranding of Titanic Quarter, Belfast?
£105 million and created 890 jobs.
What cultural facts are associated with Belfast’s rebranding?
Old paint halls provided film space for Game of Thrones.
What is one disadvantage of the Belfast rebranding project?
It cost £4.9 million to convert a professional Harland and Wolff headquarters into a 4-star hotel.
What was the biggest problem of St. Blaise compared to Stratford?
Education was measured very low at 12% in the 2001 census data, lower than the national average.
What decile was St. Blaise in for education in 2019?
10% most deprived.
What decile was St. Blaise in for employment in 2019?
10% most deprived.
What was the Eden Project originally?
A 60m deep clay quarry.
Who is the founder of the Eden Project?
Sir Tim Smit.
What are three features of the Eden Project?
Biomes made of ETFE plastic, 50m high for trees, and the largest rainforest in captivity.
How is the Eden Project an example of tourist-led regeneration?
It attracted 1.2 million visitors in its first year.
What else does the Eden Project exemplify?
Rebranding the area.
Who are the key players in the regeneration of St. Blaise?
Local government, national government, Sir Tim Smit, National Lottery, and the EU.
What role did the local government have in the regeneration of St. Blaise?
Limited role; Cornwall Council signed off planning permission for the site.
What was the role of the national government in the regeneration of St. Blaise?
Set up the South West Regional Development Agency (SWRDA) providing 36% of the funding for the Eden Project.
What was Sir Tim Smit’s role in the regeneration of St. Blaise?
Oversaw, founded, and created the project.
What was the role of the National Lottery in the regeneration of St. Blaise?
Provided 40% of the funding for the Eden Project.
What was the role of the EU in the regeneration of St. Blaise?
Provided £50 million for the whole regeneration project via the European Development Fund.
What do local governments want as stakeholders in St. Blaise regeneration?
To benefit the local area with more jobs.
What do national governments want as stakeholders in St. Blaise regeneration?
A flow of money.
What does Sir Tim Smit want as a stakeholder in St. Blaise regeneration?
An educational and environmental influence.
What does the National Lottery want as a stakeholder in St. Blaise regeneration?
Advertisement to bring in income.
What does the EU want as a stakeholder in St. Blaise regeneration?
A flow of money and social multiplier effects.
What is the economic success and loss of St. Blaise?
Generated £2 billion since opening the Eden Project, but cost £56 million and only 7% of jobs are full-time.
What are the social pros and cons of St. Blaise’s regeneration?
Eden Project employed 650 people, 400 of whom are full-time.
However, tourism led to 13 million visitors in the first 10 years, causing traffic congestion.
What are the environmental pros and cons of St. Blaise’s regeneration?
ETFE recycled plastic used and educates visitors on sustainable alternatives.
However, congestion on the A30 as only 20% use public transport.
What are two stats about students in Stratford due to its regeneration?
Four new schools established and Stratford School has extended to host 2,000 pupils soon.
What was the plan called to improve the infrastructural regeneration of St. Blaise, Cornwall in 2011?
St. Austell, St. Blazey, and China Clay Area Regeneration.
What did the St. Austell, St. Blazey, and China Clay Area Regeneration project involve?
Building a new road link to St. Austell and constructing the West Carclaze village and Sky Primary School.
What did the new road building Cornwall project involve?
£78 million for a new link road from A30 to St. Austell, finished in 2025, with 5.5 miles of new walking, cycling, and horse riding paths.
What does the building of West Carclaze Garden Village and Sky Primary School involve?
Sky Primary School has 210 places and is one of the first net-zero carbon schools in the country with solar panels.
West Carclaze Village includes 1,500 new homes, a sports park, and 16km of biking and walking trails.
What was the change in professional occupations in Stratford from 2001 to 2011?
Increased by 32%.
What was the change in the number of homes without central heating in Stratford from 2001 to 2011?
Decreased by 5%.
What was the change in good health in Stratford from 2001 to 2011?
Increased by 18%.
What are two contrasting areas of Stratford?
Stratford New Town and Pudding Mill.
What is the difference in employment IMD decile between Pudding Mill and Stratford New Town?
A 5 decile difference, with Pudding Mill being more regenerated.
What is the difference in education IMD decile between Pudding Mill and Stratford New Town?
A 4 decile difference, as Pudding Mill is where the development took place.
What occurred after the UK’s deregulation of markets in the 1980s?
The Big Bang.
What are the four places that need prioritizing for regeneration?
Sink estates, declining rural settlements, commuter villages, and gated communities.
What are sink estates?
Housing estates with high levels of socio-economic deprivation, crime, and violence.
Example: Broadwater Farm in London.
What are declining rural settlements?
Areas with lack of employment and transport opportunities.
Example: Llansilin in Wales.
What are commuter villages?
Villages outside cities where people live and travel to work.
Example: Itchen Valley.
What are gated communities?
Areas secured from crime within urban cities, often with security measures.
Example: Designed by architects in the 1980s.
What is polarization?
When groups in an area are marginalized and pushed out by the dominant due to wealth, race, gender, etc.
What are three main reasons why conflicts occur in communities?
Lack of political engagement, ethnic tensions, and economic inequality.
What is an example of conflict in an urban area?
London riots in 2011 following the shooting of Mark Duggan by police.
What was done in response to the London riots by the local government?
Invested £28 million into Tottenham’s regeneration, providing 5,000 new jobs.
How does age affect people’s lived experience and engagement in local areas?
Elderly individuals are more likely to vote due to having more time and traditional views.
How does gender affect people’s lived experience and engagement in local areas?
More women engage in community work, especially with children, due to feeling underrepresented.
How does ethnicity affect people’s lived experience and engagement in local areas?
Upbringing determines skill level and education, and new migrants often have less engagement.
How does income/deprivation affect people’s lived experience and engagement in local areas?
More deprived areas have lower voting turnout and education about politics.
What are four reasons for change in St. Blaise?
Local and national planning, historical development, accessibility, and physical factors.
What are international influences on the state of St. Blaise and its regeneration?
Cornwall produced 50% of the world’s clay in the mid-19th century, the closure of the clay quarry in the 1940s, and loss of £100 million in EU funding after Brexit.
What negative impacts has St. Blaise’s regeneration had on people’s identity?
Elderly workers feel a lack of heritage, high second home ownership leads to ghost towns, and gentrification occurs.
What positive impacts has St. Blaise’s regeneration had on people’s identity?
Increased pride in the area, more job opportunities, benefits for local businesses, and improved transport.
What is the demographic change of age in St. Blaise?
Residents aged 60+ have increased by almost 5% from 2001-2011 due to retirees moving in.
What is the demographic change of ethnicity in St. Blaise?
The white population has only decreased by 0.1% from 2001 to 2011 due to limited migration.
What is regeneration?
Redeveloping former industrial areas or outdated housing to bring economic and social change.
