HHI Flashcards
What is a reason that human health and life expectancy varies within countries?
Related to ethnic and income variations such as the Indigenous vs non-Indigenous people.
For example, in Australia.
What is the gap in life expectancy between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in Australia?
In 2020-2022, life expectancy is 8.5 years lower for Indigenous people than non-Indigenous.
What is an educational stat about Indigenous people in Australia?
50% chance of passing Year 12.
What is a demographic stat about Indigenous people in Australia?
14 times more likely to be homeless.
What is a healthcare stat about Indigenous people in Australia?
34 times more likely to end up in hospital.
What is an economic stat about Indigenous people in Australia?
Median income is 60% lower.
What are three health stats about Indigenous people in Australia?
- Twice as likely to kill themselves.
- 38% of kids are obese.
- Vulnerable to genetic diseases that wipe populations.
What are three cultural stats about Indigenous people in Australia?
- Reluctant to seek healthcare due to language barriers or racism.
- 14 times more likely to be homeless.
- Only got the right to vote in 1967.
What is a social stat about Indigenous people in Australia?
- Abuse prone.
- Addiction.
- Hard to access due to living in isolated areas.
What is the case study for a developing or emerging country for ethnic and income variations in health and life expectancy?
India.
What is the national average life expectancy in India in 2021?
67 years.
What is the national average literacy rate in India?
74%.
Where is life expectancy the highest in India, with a stat and example?
74 years at the southwest coast, such as Kerala, due to TNC investment like the Coca-Cola plant creating employment and income and investing in healthcare.
Where is life expectancy the lowest in India, with a stat and example?
Uttar Pradesh, with a life expectancy of 63 years, due to being landlocked and containing slums.
Where are literacy rates the lowest in India, with a stat and example?
Uttar Pradesh.
Where are literacy rates the highest in India, with a stat and example?
Kerala, with literacy rates of 90-100%.
Where is GDP the lowest in India, with a stat and example?
US$3,000 in the north landlocked region of Bihar.
Where is GDP the highest in India, with a stat and example?
West coast over US$15,000 GDP.
What is the Caste system in India?
In Hinduism, the religious status you are born into which determines your jobs and education. It is now illegal but still carried through the culture.
What are the three examples of castes in the system in India and what is their role?
- Brahmins are the head of the god and thinking jobs, highest caste.
- Kshatriyas are the shoulders, involved in fighting, second caste.
- Dalits are the lowest, cleaning sewage and cannot marry into another caste.
How many Dalit caste members every year are raped or assaulted in India?
24,000.
What is the variation of life expectancy in India due to the caste system?
Dalits are expected to live 3-4 years shorter.
What is something about healthcare that needs to improve in India?
Out of 10 million deaths a year, 3 million are not registered.
Why does human health and life expectancy vary within countries?
- In post-industrial and deprived cities, male unemployment is high with low incomes and high levels of smoking and alcohol.
- Diet among low-income groups is also poor as cheap high-fat fast food is more available than fresh fruit and vegetables.
In the Northwest UK, how much higher is female life expectancy than males?
4 years.
What is the Glasgow effect?
A realization that in some areas, life expectancy is much lower.
Example of the Glasgow effect?
Calton in Glasgow has a life expectancy of 67, which is the same as Ghana and 11 years younger than the rest of Glasgow.
How many in 4 die in Glasgow before their 65th birthday?
1 in 4.
What percent is the risk of people dying prematurely in Glasgow?
30%.
What did the UK government designate Glasgow as in 2000 and what does this compare to?
In managed decline, similar to Detroit with its spiral of decline and unemployment in the late 80s.
What are the reasons for the Glasgow effect?
- Low income.
- Vitamin D deficiency.
- Poor diet.
- Poverty.
- Alcohol and smoking.
In Glasgow, how many years does unskilled manual labor deduct?
4 years.
In Glasgow, how many years does never smoking add?
3 years.
In Glasgow, how many years does homelessness deduct?
12 years.
How do governments view development with three options?
Can prioritize:
- Economic growth through infrastructure and tax breaks to attract FDI.
- Environmental growth through reducing pollution and cleaning water.
- Human development through education, healthcare, freedom, and equality.
What is the GDP of the UK in 2023?
$3.1 trillion.
What is the GDP of Saudi Arabia in 2023?
$800 billion.
Type of government in the UK compared to Saudi Arabia in 2023?
Democratic vs totalitarian/autocratic where the royal family has authority.
How much does the UK spend out of their GDP on healthcare in 2023?
11%.
How much does Saudi Arabia spend out of their GDP on healthcare in 2023?
6%.
What are the differences in education between Saudi Arabia and the UK in 2023?
Free for the UK until 18; Saudi Arabia has 8% spent of GDP on education, but mostly religious-based and lacking in STEM.
What are the differences in pension and spending on welfare between the UK and Saudi Arabia in 2023?
UK has a state pension with 11% of GDP; Saudi Arabia has 8% of GDP based on individual earnings.
What is the HDI rank of the UK in 2023?
18.
What is the HDI rank of Saudi Arabia in 2023 and why?
35, lower as their income is linked to oil prices and there are often fluctuations in the market.
What is the life expectancy of the UK in 2023?
81 years.
What is the life expectancy of Saudi Arabia in 2023?
76 years, due to less spending on healthcare.
What does the UK government spend more on for development and possible impacts?
People and social opportunities such as pensions, leading to a higher standard of living, but may take away from quality education in the future.
What does the Saudi Arabia government spend more on for development and possible impacts?
Spends a lot on oil and economic development, but reliance on religion limits the STEM industry, potentially hindering future economic growth.
What do dominant IGOs promote?
Neoliberal views on development based on Rostow’s modernization theory.
What do dominant IGOs traditionally believe development is based on?
- Free trade between countries with low barriers such as quotas or tariffs.
- Privatization of government-owned industries to maximize profits.
- Deregulation of capital markets for easy and quick money flow.
What are the concerns for the IGOs’ neoliberal approach to development?
- Benefits TNCs and businesses more than people, creating inequalities.
- Focuses on industrialization, leaving rural areas behind.
- Prioritizes profit and economic growth over the environment.
What have IGOs more recently put in place to ensure that social and environmental concerns are now dealt with?
Programs.
What is important to reference when talking about the level of development and environmental progress?
The Kuznets curve created in the 1960s.
What are three main IGOs to talk about?
World Bank, World Trade Organization, IMF.
What is the World Bank’s traditional economic focus?
- Finance development.
- Help capitalism by making loans to developing countries for projects.
- Address effects of natural disasters, such as halting Haiti’s debt for 5 years after the 2010 earthquake.
What has the World Bank done environmentally in response to its problems caused by its traditional economic focus?
In 2019, made a climate change action plan to help developing countries deal with climate change impacts by providing financial and tech help.
What has the World Bank done socially in response to its problems caused by its traditional economic focus?
Founding member of the Global Partnership for Education, focusing on poor and disadvantaged kids and girls, with almost $3.5 billion invested in 2021-22. they focussed on reading and numeracy skills.
what is the traditional economic focus of the IMF
to strengthen weakening currencies and foster stronger economic development policies- usually heavy debt countries. they adjust rates of interest and rearrange loans etc . they also make SAPS structural adjustment plans which is a set of economic reforms that a country must do in order to get a loan from the IMF in an economic crisis.
what are the cons of the IMFs traditional economic focus
SAP programmes increase tax and cause shortages of people in education and healthcare such as in Jamaica in 1984 the student to teacher ratio was 1:55
What has the IMF done socially in response to its problems caused by its traditional economic focus? x3
- in the early 2000s the SAP programme changed to PRGT the poverty reduction and growth trust. this provided loans but with fewer conditions.
- They also created the CCRT catasrophe containment and relief trust which was developed during the ebola crisis in 2015 to help the payment of public health.
- also during covid they laxed their criteria to 25 countries.
what is the traditional economic focus of the WTO
- promotion of free trade which is a Neo liberal policy.
- also promotes intervening in gov policies in effect cutting education
- privatisation of state such as water and transport and deregulation of financial markets in which remove barriers to investment and capital
what is a consequence of privitisation by the WTO with an example
water privitisation riots in bolivia- LOOK UP WATER STATS
what is the con of the WTOs traditional economic focus
- has resulted in environmental degradation such as forest clearance and biodiversity damage such as Indonesia’s palm oil production. 7.8 mil hectares of land for this in 2020
What has the WTO done socially in response to its problems caused by its traditional economic focus? x3
it now focusses on env degradation by:
- restricting the international movement of products or species that are potentially edangered
- challenging trade agreements where there may be implications on climate change or forest clearance
What could make these IGO policies potentially outdated and not as useful anymore
trumps new trade pathways and tarrif trade war
what are human rights
the moral principles that underlie the standards of human behaviour which are commonly understood as fundamental rights a human is entitled to despite their location, religion, ethnicity, language or nation.
what are the three international agreements working for human rights
- UDHR universal declaration of human rights
- Geneva conventions
- ECHR European convention of human rights
what is the UDHR
made after WW2 where the UN hosted an international conference of human rights and put together a legal framework and statement of intent in 1968
pro of the UDHR
- has 30 articles of human rights
con of the UDHR
not legally binding for all countries as not all signed the legal declaration such as
- the soviet union
-south africa
- saudi arabia
what is the ECHR
formed in 1949 to establish better european countries relationships following WW2. has a treaty to protect human rights and part of the human rights act.
pro of ECHR
- 18 articles for human rights
con of the ECHR
argument that not followed completely as potential that british subjected 400 iraquis to abuse of human rights
what are the geneva conventions
est 1864 arising from advances in weapon tech as used to be rules for the battlefield but after ww2 it became anyone in conflict.
what are the pros of the geneva conventions
- 4 conventions
- 96 countries have signed up
- shows def of a war crime
con of the geneva conventions
- war crimes still occur such as the concentration camps in WW2
-another example is in 2016 a Bosnain Serb Leader Karadzic was convicted of genocide and sentenced to 40 years in prison
what are some examples of the 30 conventions in the UDHR
- all born free and equal
- right to life
- no slaveryw
- no torture
what is important to note
that the IGO the UN made the UDHR
how many crimes in China carry the death penalty
55
what are three ways that human rights can be undermined by pollitical corruption
- judges bribed to dismiss human rights cases by wealthy TNC owners
- the appointment of judges can be influenced by polliticians rather than independantly
- corrupt govs can steal money or foreign aid so it cannot be used as intended to help human rights
what is the rank for Myanmar in terms of corruption in 2021
29th most corrupt worldwide country
describe Myanmar’s pollitical corruption x4
- for more than 40 years has been ruled by unelected military Junta with democratic repression and political violence
- informal and illicit economy suggests strong links between ruling elite and military junta crime with activities such as human trafficking, frugs and illegal logging.
- in 2015 they however had the first fair civilian election in 50 years asnd democracy won by a landslide
-however the military junta still have 25 seats in parlement and a veto over consititutional change
what is the rank of Zimbabwe’s corruption in 2021
12th most corrupt in the world
describe Zimbabwe’s pollitical corruption x5
- used to be part of british colony with strong steel and iron mining industry
-Robert Mugabe in office 1980s onwards with denial of human rights and corruption
-however there were good land reforms to give back more land to the black than the british white
- but this was done with major corruption and brought the country to bakrupcy of $1000 gdp
- Robert Mugabe is now over 90 so their is questions over the future
reasons why there is variations of human rights within a country x2
- post colonialism- such as australia or zimbabwe
- sig groups defined by gender or ethnicity that have had fewer rights than the dominant group such as the Dalit cast in india
what is an example of how human rights vary within a country due to post colonialism and state one discrimination
the indigenous people in Asutalia- they could not vote and they couldnt also legallly own property until 1975. see stats on this earlier on for impacts on health and way of life etc.
what did Australia introduce to try and get rid of this human right innequality
launched the closing the gap initiatuve in 2009 which has 19 socioeconomic targets to help by 2031 close the gap in life expectancy, employment, education and dhealth.
outline some successes of the closing the gap initiative x3
- the number of indigenous smokers fell by 8% in 10 years
- 96% of indigenous kids fully immunised by 5
- indigenous people that completed year 12 has increased by 16%
outline the failures of closing the gap initiative x3
- from 2016 to 2020 the suicide rates almost doubled
- still only 2% of teachers indigenous background
- in 2022 1 in 3 women has experienced sexual harrassment
what organisation has also tried to help the indigenous australian’s
australian human rights commision AHRC
what have the AHRC done to improve the gap in australia indegenous x2
- prevented racial discrimination through employment and education
-helped them gain social justice such as giving them land
what are the issues with gender equality in Australia
womenn got the right to vote 69 years later and there is still a large pay gap
how were women discriminated againts under the Taliban rile in 1996-2001 in afghanistan
- no leaving the house without a man
- no showing skin in public
- no access to healthcare delivered by a man
when did the taliban take back power in Afghanistan
2021
what are the impacts to human rights from the Taliban in Afghanistan
- education limited for women after primary school
- detained if spoke up againts them (freedom of speech)
what did the USA military coalition do to the population in Afghanistan x2
- 25,000 refugees now in the UK
- younger generations want more for human rights so hope of change
why is there a variation in rates of progress towards equality between Australia and Afghanistan x3
- HIC vs LIC so funding vaiation
- stable gov acknowledging prob and organising change
- fear
what are the 4 types of interventions to protect human rights and their timescale x4
- development aid by IGOs and NGOs or bilateral aid which is long term
- trade embargos/economic sanctions which is medium term
- military aid which is long or short term
- military action which is short term
what is development aid x3
- often called official development assistance ODA or overseas aid
- coming from NGOs such as oxfam, IGOs and bilateral which is one country straight to another, or the government of developed countries
-in 1970 the UN decided that wealthy countries should give 0.7% of their GNI to development aid each year. however after the pandemic this has reduced to 0.5%
what is an example of the UK providing development aid
The UK gov provided £12.8 billion of development aid in 2022
what are trade embargos x3
- a government or international ban that restricts trade with a particular country, encouraging them to change its policies and actions by hindering its economy. can be done by IGOS such as the UN or the EU.
- often used in threats to international security or humanitarian rights abuse
- they can prohibit all trade or ban certain things like weapons
example of trade embargo
-following russias 2022 invasion of Ukraine, UK gov imposed a ban prohibiting the supply and import of russias oil.
what is military aid x2
- consists of money, weapons or expertise given to developing countries to help protect them from terroism, borders, piracy of trafficking or drugs.
- sometimes given to groups opposing authoritarian govs with democracy
what is a concern abt military aid
In 2016 the Organisation for Economic Corporation and development changed to include military aid in some development aid:
- Charities expressed that this would neglect adressing concerns such as poverty.
who is the largest provider of military aid with example
USA providing military aid for nearly 200 countries. this includes the over $5.8 bil for the phillipenes as they are interested in military bases there too.
what is military intervention
- most governments and IGOs consider this to be a last resort
- direct action and indirect action
- sometimes struggling countries ask for help or when it needs to protect people from a government.
example of direct military action
in may 2023 the UK carried out air strikes in North Eastern Iraq againts the terroist organisation called Islamic State.
example of indirect military action
starting in 2022, the UK and USA trained Ukrainian military during the invasion by russia
what is an example of a country asking for military action
- The gov of Mali asked for this from the french to help right back againts the Islamic millitants who has seized part of lots of the country in 2013
why could europe not take military action on Russia with ukraines invasion
40% of europe’s gas is from russia and also dont want to cause a WW3
what are the reasons that these interventions could be controversial x5
- pollitical agreements and not all governments are democratic
- expense
- due to the treaty to prevent war in NATO they often wont take military action
- opposing views on the effectiveness
- are they intervening for human rights or is it selfish? perhaps the USA givingg development aid to the phillipenes is.
what is Ukraine part of and what would this mean
NATO- meaning that sending in troops would cause a war in Europe
there is rarely an intervention just for human rights- what else is considered x4
- geostrategic threats and access to resources (TRUMP TRYING TO GET
AGREEMENT FOR MILITARY AID UKRAINE) - future relations such as trade opportunities
- public opinion
-cost
what are the two human rights on the UDHR that contradict eachother with intervention
-National Sovereignity (each nation can govern without interference from other nations)
-Responsibility to protect (more western, if nation fails to protect its civilians from genocide, war crimes etc, the international community can step in)
what is an example of a controversial military intervention
in 2011 in Libya Nato forces backed by the UN undertook bombing raids againts Gaddafi’s (dictator) government forces. this was not supported by all countries. NATO air strikes in Tripoli and Gaddafi dead in october with new gov in place.
what were the arguments in favour of intervention in Libya using ‘responsibility to protect’ x3
- worlds 10th largest oil reserves so dangerous and high geopollitical position
-guddafi’s gov repressed and brutally killed which the UN urged them to protect their civilians so they tried peacefully but as they did not the used force
- the French and British air forces were in support of civilians and rebel forces Benghazi againts Gaddapi’s corruption
what were the arguments not in favour of intervention in Libya using ‘national sovereignity’ x2
- long rule of Gaddafi for 42 years unchallenged after they gained independence
- some countries in UN did not vote for this due to insufficient evidence, use of this for regime change and inconsistencies in the case of human right ignorance.
how can the success of geopolitical interventions be measured x9
- health
- life expectancy
- education levels
- increase in GDP per capita
- freedom of speech
- gender equality
- successful management of refugees
- freedom of expression
-democracy
what is seem as essential in capitalist and democratic nations
freedom of expression making it a good measure for success of intervention
what does the WEF say about democratic nations in relation to GDP
it says that if a nation switches from non to democratic then it could raise its GDP by 20% in the long run ( over the next rough 30 years)
reasons why democracy is a useful measure of success x5
- brings pol and social stability which makes countries less likely to support militant or criminal organisations
- leads to ec growth
- leads to advances in womens rights
- often easier for developed countries to forge military and ec ties with democratic gov
- much less likely to go to war with each other
why is freedom of expression important to democracy
the UHDR says right to
-speak freely
-protest againts injustice
-critisice gov
example of freedom of expression work done
- about 30% of the UN democracy fund projects work to support media and freedom of info which russia china and north korea dont have
what is the evidence that democracy aid works
36 out of 57 countries that became democracies between 1980 and 1995 recieved democratic aid from the USA providing over 18 mil for Guatemala and traine gov officers to repair justice system.
what doo some countries base their success of intervention on instead of human rights and hollistic measures
economic growth
why do some countries measure success of intervention on economic growth x3
- in developed countries human rights and democracy quite new only developed in the last 200 years
- in developing countries without gov funded welfare systems people have to pay for education healthcare and clean water, rising incomes make this far more possible
- families in developing countries often have to look after elderly relatives and income is needed for this when there are no government pensions
what does the UK’s department for international development say DFID
economic growth is the best way to reduce poverty. one estimate says that a 10% increase in a countries average income reduces poverty by 20-30%
what is an example of measuring geopolitical intervention success by management of refugees
management of refugees in the UK
how many people crossed the english chanel in 2023
over 29,000
where are asylum seekers accomodated in the UK
- in september 2023 there were 56,000 living in hotels
- currently 300 housed in barge called the Bibby Stockholm in Dorset
what are some safe and safe and legal routes for refugees to claim asylum in the UK x4
-refugee family reunion
-uk resettlement scheme where it prioritises those from regions of conflict
-community sponsorship scheme where communities provide accomodation for people such as ukranian refugees
-mandate resettlement scheme where refugees who have a close family member in the uk can live there
how did the uk government plan to tackle refugees (intervention)
- in 2022 any asylum seeker entering the uk illegally such as from france would be sent to Rwanda, where they could be granted ref status and could stay there
how many refugees could there have been in Rwanda in 2022
52,000
what was controversial about the Rwanda plan
- disregaurds british laws such as the Refugee Convention which bans deportation.
-concerns about rwandas poor human rights
- would have cost the uk gov £240 million
what happened in the end to the Rwanda plan
it was scrapped by the UK supreme court because of violations to british laws
what can development aid often cause
it improves human rights and welfare but it has very negative environmental and cultural impacts
what are the 6 types of aid with explaination
- emergency/short term aid: funded by donations from public such as OXFAM
-conditional or tied aid: improves local communities with educational skills and sustainable development usually through organisations such as Practical Action
- charitable aid: given through international organisations such as the World Bank
- long term or development aid needed after sudden disasters such as Haiti 2010 and World Bank pausing their debt for 5 years
- multilateral aid: high income countries donate money through organisations such as the United Nations (UN) and the World Bank.
- bilateral aid: from one country directly to another
what is also controversial about bilateral development aid
it is often used for the country to gain resources and military areas such as teh USA and philipenes
what can economic development caused by TNC’s and superpowers often cause
disregard to the environment and human rights of minority groups
example of economic development caused by TNC’s and superpowers
Oil in the Niger Delta
what are some statistics from oil extraction in the niger delta x3
- TNCs such as shell and BP
-oil here accounts for 75% of the nigerian govs income
-nigeria is africas largest oil exporter
what impacts has thsi development due to oill extracton in the niger delta caused on the environment
-550 oil spills in 2014
-mangrove forests and rainforests destroyed
-UN says that the oil spills over the past 5 decades will cost $ 1billion and take 30 years to clean up so economically damaging too
what is important to remember when talking about development and the environment
the Kuznets Curve
how many people live along the Niger Delta
31 million people
whatimpacts has thsi development due to oill extracton in the niger delta caused on human rights of minority groups
- 70% of people there live below the poverty line
-less than 20% of the NIger Delta is accessible by good roads leaving people stranded
-local schools and hospitals underfunded
what is often unjustified and debatable in success
direct military aid
what are short term costs of direct military intervention x2
- troops killed and wounded, equitment lost
- civilians injured and killsed and damage to homes and buildings and businesses
what are long term costs of direct military intervention x3
-time taken to fully recover and get back to normal
-impact of loss of territory or sovereignity
-loss of human rights
what was the justification for military intervention directly in Iraq
- The Azores Summit where Gorge bush spoke saying there had to be Military intervention as they werent disarming themselves from chem weapons etc
- UN security council was involved
- the dictator Hussein or Iraq was corrupt and causing wars againts Iran
-between 2003 and 2013 72% killed were civilians
-Sudan said they had committed mass murder
when did US take direct military aid in Iraq
2003
what were the controversial strategic interests of intervention in Iraq
- iraq has the 5th largest oil reserves so a trading partner in the future
how did the usa intervention improve with life expectancy
increased by 10 years from 1990 to 2023
how did the usa intervention improve with female literacy
improved by 20% between 1990 t0 2023
how did the usa intervention improve with HDI
imrpoved by almost 0.1
how did the usa intervention improve with infant mortality
improved by 8 per thousand
how did the usa intervention improve with GDP
46.5 increase in 2004 after 2003 invasion
evidence that direct military aid in Iraq 2003 was unsuccessful x2 socially
- over 100,000 US wounded
-over 1 million Iraq deaths due to US invasion
-led to many iraq refugees with high poverty and poor living conditions with 1.7 million displaced
how did the usa intervention decrease the global climate quality so was unsuccesful
it was the equvilent to putting 25 million more cars on the road in the US
what is a economic/ social stat showing success in Iraqs military intervention
unemployment 5 years after the invasion has decreased by potentially 30%
what is Guantanamo Bay (direct military intervention)
contains a prison camp constructed by the US naval base in Cuba 2002 which holds terrorists and extremists posing a threat to the US. some of these prisoners have been captured from Afghanistan and Iraq who are considered war criminals.
why is this direct intervention of Guantanamo bay contrevening human rights x4
-because it was not in US soil and within US jurisdiction
-critisiced by the human rights watch and the EU
-in 2006 US extreme court said this was violating the geneva conventions
-by 2009 it was clear that torture had been used
what did the USA do in response to the controvery over the Guantamano Bay human rights violations x4
- President Obama instructed the facility to close and to bring the prisoners to a US trial
- however the US congress blocked this saying the detainees would be of greater threat in the US
- in 2016 number of detainees decreased to 80 and can go through rehabilitation programme
-however at least 40 detainees are too dangerous to release
where has the UK given military aid to case study
Saudi Arabia
when did the UK form an alliance with Saudi Arabia
1915
how much military aid has the uk provided Saudi Arabia
10 billion of defence equitment such as fighter planes
what has UK’s development aid provided in terms of benefits to UK x2
- UKs largest trading partner in the East
- 300,000 UK people live there
what is the advantage of the UK giving miliatary aid to Saudi Arabia
- maintains strong trading relationship
how many uk firms export goods to Saudi Arabia
6,000
how much were imports from Saudi Arabia worth in 2016
£2 billion
what are the critisicms of UKs military aid for Saudi Arabia x4
- they mainly consist of Sunni muslims and delivering them arms is something that might cause conflict between them and the Shia muslims.
-bad human rights record
-islamic terroism
-womens rights
example of poor womens rights in Saudi Arabia
In 2018, women made up only 15% of Saudi Arabia’s total labour force.
what is a non military intervention
began in 1948- non military peacekeeping troops from the UN to disarm people and build a sound government and monitor human rights.
how many peacekeeping operations have the UN undertook
71
example of non military action why?
- Timor-Leste: UN peacekeeper troops coming to East Timor in 1999
- gained independance from Indonesia in 1975 and strong violence broke out 9 days after Indonesia invaded.
- by 1999, 25% of the population was killed from violence, disease, human rights abuse such as torture or famine.
what did the UN do with Timor Leste’s conflict (non military intervention)- success x5
- made Indonesia’s forces withdraw peacefully
-states diplomatic efforts with Indonesian and portegese government to resolve conflict
-organised vote in 1999 on independence and 78.5% of voters were in favour
- set up law and order to establish development and trained police officers
- finally independent in 2002
what were the negative outcomes of Timor-Leste’s non military intervention x4
- anti independence militant group supported by Indonesia started a campaign pf violence killing 7,000 people
- human rights still a concern
- police still accused of excessive force
- timescale: the UN’s departure left a lack of skilled people to run the country.
what are factors influencing the success of intervention
- timescale
- size
- all levels of development
- SEEP
what is example 2 of non military intervention
Zimbabwe
reasons that countries wanted to peform military action in Zimbabwe by the UN
- 72% of the population lived below national poverty line
- 59 age life expectancy for men
-tobacco farming accounts for up to 20% of its deforestation
- human rights abuse
- authoritarian corrupt Mugabe is a threat to global peace providing corrupt land reforms that caused bankruptcy.
why was there no military action in Zimbabwe in the end
- needed african countries on board
what did the UN do instead in Zimbabwe and what was the result
the UN tried to create a resolution to impose an arms embargo and sanctions againts Mugabe but China and Russia voted againts this so it failed
what did the EU do in Zimbabwe instead and what was the result
- imposed a trade embargo in 2002 for armed and other military goods
- however this became propaganda for Mugabe saying Zimbabwe’s problems were caused by western countries
what was successful environmentally by the Zimbabwean government however
in 2015 the gov put a 1.5% tax on tobacco farmers to help deforrestation
what is consequential example of no military action
Srebrenica during the Bosian war
What occurred in Srebrenica x6
- UN seized Srebrenica in 1993 as a safe area during the Bosnian war from armed attacks
- French troops arrived and asked for aid convoys through Serb territory if town gave up weapons
- Canadian and Dutch peacekeeping troops moved in to protect the civilians with a small 600 force
- The UN said no to giving the Civilians their weapons back and the Serb forces attacked and they were defeated
- 8,000 Muslim men and boys were killed in ‘ethnic cleansing’ and buried bodies to hide genocide
- worst massacre since WW2 in Europe and the UN was heavily criticised for not taking action
what have IGOs done to improve environmental quality, health, education and human rights through targets and policies
in 2015 the UN created the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
how many sustainable development goals are there
17
how many countries have signed up to the SDGs
193 UN member states
what progress has been made for meeting the SDGs by 2030
- 1 in 46 countries have met are on track to meet the target that reduces infant mortality rates
- HIV treatments has cut aids related deaths worldwide by 52% since 2010
- in 10 years 800 million have connected to electricity
- 2/3rds of people use the internet
- number of cooking fuels declined by 0.7 billion in 7 years
- global unemployment a historic low of 5% in 2023
what is evidence that the SDGs are not on track to be met by 2030 x6
- fewer than 3 in 10 countries expected to half poverty by 2030
- Covid 19 derailed targets undoing 10 years progress in life expectancy
-only 58% of kids achieving a minimum proficiency in reading in 2019
- 1 in 5 girls marry before 18
- at current rate 2 billion people at 2030 will live without safely managed water
- 9 in 10 workers informally employed
what is development
a process in which a country evolves over time for the better in terms of economic, social, political and sustainable change
what is the traditional and then more modern way to measure development x1
economic development such as GDP- however now more human development meaures such as the Human Development Index (HDI)
what are the economic measures and indicators of development x3
-GDP gross domestic product (total value of goods and services of a country within borders)
-GNP gross national product (total value of goods and services of a country worldwide)
- PPP purchasing point parity (comparing cost of living and currencies)
what are the political measures and indicators of development x2
- human suffering index (HSI) with 10 different human welfare indicators
- corruptions perception index
what are the social measures and indicators of development x6
- life expectancy
-birth rate
-death rate
-literacy rates
-infant mortality rates
-gender equality index
what are the sustainable measures and indicators of development x1
- HPI happy planet index made up of wellbeing, life expectancy and ecological footprint
describe variations globally in GDP per capita
- North america,, europe, asutralia new zealand and japan with the highest GDP
- usa and some european nations have the highest with $60,000
-most of asia and south asia has $5,000-20,000 GDP
-Africa has the lowest with $500-$5000
what is the happy planet index
how well countries are doing at achieving long, happy and sustainable lives with a score between 0 and 100
what is the equation for the happy planet index
happy planet index = experienced wellbeing x life expectancy/ecological footprint
what is the global distribution of the HPI
- USA (32.1) and African nations have low
- South America and Denmark are high (53.0)
why does the USA have such a low HPI
primarily due to its high ecological footprint for example it pulled out of the Paris agreement due to Trump.
why does denmark have such a high HPI
for its environmental policies such as its 2016 policy for change and 40% reduce in emmisions goal and taxing livestock
how does the HPI compare to the GDP in patterns
- USA has the highest global gdp but one of the lowest HPI
- Africa has low GDP and low HPI
-South america has moderate GDP but the highest HPI
example of a country in south america and its HPI
chile with HPI of 51.3
example of a country in Africa and its HPI
Botswana with HPI of 22.6
what are welfare state systems
- free education usually from 4 or 5 to 16 or 18
- health services which are in some cases free
-benefits such as basic income housing and social services
what is a controversial agreement
that human development is the most important thing for human contentment and development
what two things often oppose eachother
economic development and environment- however there is Kuznets curve
what does the Sharia law contest
the western development model which prioritises gender equality, freedom, wellbeing, wealth etc
what is the sharia law
- Islam law hat determines how a muslim should live
-human welfare is dependant on neccesities and needs are trying to avoid hardship
-relies on stricter and not strict areas as interpretations
what are the two Sharia laws
- Hodd offence is a serious cime like theft with set punishments
-Tazir crimes leave the punishment to be decided by the judge
what is another concept that is prioritied over measure of economic development and GDP
Bhutan’s philosophy of gross national happiness
where is Bhutan’s philosophy of gross national happiness
bolivia
what is Bhutan’s philosophy of gross national happiness
- happiness at the centre of pollitical policies
-conservation of the environment
-preservation of culture
-sustainable and equitable development reduces innequalities
what is an example of Bhutan’s philosophy of gross national happiness protecting the environment
in Bolivia they have maintained 62% of forest cover
why is education so important to development X8
-reduces innequalities
- access to higher skills and better paid jobs
-increases awareness of hygeien and disease
-better governance
-larger range of skills in workforce
-disposable income so more tax paid and services improve and so does GDP
- education on human rights
- improved literacy rates
what is the relationship between edducation and life expectancy and why x4
as E increases LE increases:
-education on healthcare and hygiene may improve life expectancy
-greater incomes will create disposable incomes and higher taxes which benefit healthcare services
-better literacy will increase the gdp of the country so they can spend more on healthcare
an example of link between education and life expectancy in a developed country
in 2011 italy had 99% literacy rates with life expectancy of 82
an example of link between education and life expectancy in a developing country
in 2011 india had litearacy rate of almost 63 and life expectancy of almost 68
an example of link between education and life expectancy in an underveloped country
chad in 2022 literacy rate of 27% and life expectancy of 53
relationship between education and age of first marriage
- as literacy rates increases ages of first marriage also does
- better education improves income so families are less likely to force children into marriage
- improved education and jobs so less likely to get married
in 2005 what are the stats for teh relationship between education and first marriage in developed country
in italy 99% literacy arte and 29 average age of first marriage
in 2005 what are the stats for teh relationship between education and first marriage in developing country
in India 62% literacy arte and 20 average age of first marriage
in 2005 what are the stats for teh relationship between education and first marriage in undeveloped country
in chad 29% literacy arte and 18 average age of first marriage
what is the relationship between education and infant mortality
higher education the lower the infant mortality:
- better hygiene education
- education improves income and more tax improving healthcare
in 2011 what are the stats for teh relationship between education and infant mortality in undeveloped country
in chad 35% literacy rates and 146 deaths per 1000 born
in 2011 what are the stats for teh relationship between education and infant mortality in developed country
in italy 99% literacy rates and 4 deaths per 1000 born
in 2011 what are the stats for teh relationship between education and infant mortality in developing country
in Inida 63% literacy rates and 55 deaths per 1000 born
what impact does the ratio of boys and girls in primary and secondary school education have on development
- ratio closer to 1 increases GDP and economic development
in 2018 what are the stats for the relationship between ratio of boys and girls in primary and secondary school education and development in developed country
in italy 0.979 ratio and gdp per capita 41,500
in 2018 what are the stats for the relationship between ratio of boys and girls in primary and secondary school education and development in developing country
in india 1.02 ratio and gdp per capita 6,800
in 2018 what are the stats for the relationship between ratio of boys and girls in primary and secondary school education and development in undeveloped country
in chad 0.727 ratio and gdp per capita 1,560
why does some human health and life expectancy vary between countries
- variations in the developing world often due to different access to basic needs such as food, water supply and sanitation which impact on infant mortality and life expectancy
- variations in the developed world are often due to different lifestyles, levels of deprivation, and the availability, cost and effectivity of medical care
who founded the view that improvements in health and life expectancy significantly improves development
Hans Rosling
why does improvements in health and life expectancy significantly improve development x4
- longer life expectancy means that people live for longer increasing the GDP from services
- healthier population increases time in work and get a disposable income used for taxes and development by government
- less time looking after ill relatives and more time in work
- lower medical costs so that money can be spent on development such as education
example for improvements in health and life expectancy significantly improving development
global average life expectancy has risen from 47 to 73 from 1955 to 2023 potentially due to higher development link
life expectancy in a developed country
UK 82 years
life expectancy in a developing country
Sudan 66 years
life expectancy in a emerging country
china 72 years
infant mortality rate in a developed country
uk 3 per 100,000
infant mortality rate in a developing country
sudan 270 per 100,000
infant mortality rate in an emerging country
india 26 per 100,000
maternal mortality rate in an emerging country
india 103 per 100,000
maternal mortality rate in an developed country
uk 10 per 100,000
maternal mortality rate in a developing country
sudan 270 per 100,000
access to clean water developed country
uk 99.8%
access to clean water developing country
sudan 41%
access to clean water emerging country
india 95%
access to sanitation developed country
uk 99%
access to sanitation developing country
sudan 56%
access to sanitation emerging country
India 78%
literacy rates developed country
uk 99%
literacy rates developing country
sudan 61%
literacy rates emerging country
India 81%
gender equality index developed country
uk 15th in world
gender equality index developing country
sudan 0.68
gender equality index emerging country
india is 108th out of 193 counttries
what percent of people in sudan the developing country have access to healthcare
38%
what natural risk does sudan have
half of the population experienced famine in 2024
what human risk does Sudan have
civil war started in 2023
what is the leading cause of death in low income countries
neonatal conditions with almost 600,000 in 2000
what is the leading cause of death in high income countries
heart disease with just over 2 million in 2000
what is india
an emerging country that prioritises economic development over human rights
what can some countries to do frequently invoke human rights with an example of a country
hold international forerums and debates such as the USA
how has the USA frequently invoke human rights with international forerums and debates x2
- sponsored the reolution focussed on the continued abuse of Syrian human rights
- sponsored resolutions to advance gender equality, surveilance and online cencorship to protect the rights of stateless people
what does china prioritise as an emerging nation
economic growth as human rights bring financial costs, limit profits. they argue that human rights will come after economic growth which was true in the UK as these came after the industrial revolution such as the right to vote
what is an example of a nother country that prioritises economic growth over human rights
Bangledesh
what happened in Bangledesh due to them prioritising economic growth over human rights
Rana Plaza factory collapsed in 2013 killing 1,100 workers- huge social neglection
what human rights did Bangledesh ignore x2
- managers prevent workers forming unions to protest their human rights as this could result in unemployment or threatened or beaten
- physical assualt, verbal abuse, failure to pay wages
why might have the authorities in Bangledesh have priotised economic development over human rights
- textile industry accounts for 10% of their GDP and 80% of exports
- employs 4 million people and human rights will slow economic development
what is something pollitical that means there is more human rights
democracy
example of china emerging country and do they have democracy to show human rights
- communist party has governed the authoritarian state since 1919
- no general elections
- rapid economic development
- 311,000 online domains blocked
example of India emerging country and do they have democracy to show human rights
- gained independence from the UK in 1917
-1950 constitution contains freedom of speech and religion
-federal government system which is significantly more democratic than China - significant human rights progress although concern over women and minority groups such as the Dalit caste
what is the evidence that china puts economic growth in front of human rights
- gov invested into a market orientated approach to economic development in 2003
-developed global trade links
-expansion to africa
-RBI
consequences of china putting economic growth in front of human rights x4
- harrassment of human rights activists
- 311,000 online domains are blocked
- detention of journalists
- judicial and financial instututions are controlled
what are the 3 examples of advantages of development aid
- improves life expectancy- Global fund with Malaria
2022 - imrpove life threatening conditions and development- IMF with Ebola in 2014-16
- improves human rights and gender equality- UNICEF with Somalia and South Sudan
- help after natural disasters Haiti 2010- IMF and UK gov
examples of development aid improving life expectancy- Global Fund with Malaria
2022-24 x4
- 608,000 deaths from malaria in 2022
- Global fund provides 62% of finance
- treated 121 malaria cases in 2022
-malaria cases have dropped 28% in 20 years
con of development aid improving life expectancy- Global Fund with Malaria
2022-24
resistance to vaccines and treatments globally puts strain on resources
example of development aid improving life threatening conditions and development- IMF with Ebola in 2014-16
- IMF committed $404 million to helping treat the Ebola crisis
con of development aid improving life threatening conditions and development- IMF with Ebola in 2014-16
there were conditions to this such as the government having to reduce spending and this effects employment and public services etc
example of development aid which improves human rights and gender equality- UNICEF with Somalia and South Sudan
- UNICEF aims to distrubute resources and reduce innequalities
con of development aid which improves human rights and gender equality- UNICEF with Somalia and South Sudan
overlooked during Aids pandemic and Covid 19
example of development aid to help after natural disasters Haiti and IMF and UK gov 2010 x2
- IMF halted their debt for 5 years
- repairs helped by the UK gov enabled 340 families to return home in Haiti
cons of development aid to help after natural disasters Haiti and IMF and UK gov 2010
only 25% of people recieved tents provided from NGOs
disadvantages of development aid examples x4
- aid encourages dependancy eg in Africa
-promotes corruption and the role of the elite- Global Fund in Cambodia 2006-2011
-superpowers use development aid as an extention of their foreign policy for their own advantage
- Can fail to improve GDP or equality- Haiti
example of development aid which encourages dependancy eg in Africa with counter argument
- countries reliant on support
- however it does help investment in education which is good for the long term
examples of development aid which promotes corruption and the role of the elite- Global Fund in Cambodia 2006-2011
- in 2006-11 Global fund $43 million to Cambodia for health reasons
-$2 million out of this was misused by the government
example of superpowers which use development aid as an extention of their foreign policy for their own advantage
- chinese aid to gain resources such as China’s investment in Africa $890 mil to Zambia for a power plant
- to develop military alliances such as USA providing $ 10 billion to Jordan over 7 years allowing them to have military bases in the region now
example of how development aid can fail to improve GDP or equality- Haiti
- financial aid is often spent on american contracts or net local companies which doesn’t improve human rights and prioritises economic growth
why is it difficult to meausure the success of geopollitical interventions x4
- expensive
- countrys dont have data recording facilities
-long term? - how is success defined such as SEEP
why does access to education vary globally
- poverty in developing countries
- conflict
- natural disasters and epidemics
- gender innequalities
poverty and education stat
in 2023 30% of kids not attending education was in sub Saharan Africa
epidemics and natural disasters and education stat
during covid 19 460 million children were unable to attend remote learning
conflict and education stat
half of school children live in conflict areas such as Yemen, Sudan, Syria
how many girls globally are not in education
130 million
reasons why so many girls are out of school
- poverty and fees
- girls look after the house
- may enter child marriages
- miss school for periods
- sexually assaulted on the way to school
girls education and marriage stat
in sub saharian africa 40% of girls are married as children effecting education
how man girls are sexually assualted on the way to school each year
60 million
how much more time do girls spend on household chores
40% more time
why is important to invest in gender equality
- women who go through secondary education are less likely to get assualted by partner, much higher incomes and healthier children
fact about girls and school and GDP economic growth
when 10% more girls attend school a countries gdp will increase by 5%
fact about girls in school and earnings
an extra year for a girl in school can allow them to earn 20% more
how did the Talibans rules effect girls education in afghanistan x3
- from 1996-2001 girls were banned from education
-when the US intervened girls had to be taught seperately with female teachers and 5.6 mill girls in school in 2018
- only 10-15% of girls schools are fully qualified
what are the 4 types of government
- totalitarian
-democratic
-dictatorship
-communist
what is a totalitarian gov and example of country
extremely oppressive dictatorship system that aims to keep lives of their citizens completely under control. it restricts occupation, religious beliefs and number of children such as China
what is a democratic gov and example of country x4
- all citizens have equal rights and can elect and make decisions (either direct themselves or indirect by the elected authorities making decisions)
-law protected by state
-leaders limited in power and duration
-citizens follow laws and constitutions - for example the USA and the UK
what is a dictatorship gov and example of country
single person or small group that holds all the power and has absolute authority over pop and politic. force by military and economic means. corrupt and restricts the liberties of the pop. for example Haiti has this
what is a communist gov and example
pollitical and eocnomic scheme that hopes to replace private profits and a profit based economy with public ownership and communal control of productionn and natural resources. eg china
what is UNESCO
UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
how does UNESCO help human rights
UNESCO was the first UN agency to place the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
what is The Illegal Migration Act as a geopollitical intervention by the UK x4 and date
in 2023 introduced with an aim to:
- put a stop to illegal migration into the UK by removing the incentive to make dangerous small boat crossings
- speed up the removal of those with no right to be here - in turn this will free up capacity so that the UK can better support those in genuine need of asylum through safe and legal routes
- prevent people who come to the UK through illegal and dangerous journeys from misusing modern slavery safeguards to block their removal
- ensure that the UK continues to support those in genuine need by committing to resettle a specific number of the most vulnerable refugees in the UK every year
