Regenerating places Flashcards
What are the changes/divide in employment trends (UK)
There’s a north south divide
- Quaternary and quinary (top level employment e.g. judge) prevalent in the south east and London
- Public sector jobs more common in the North
- Mining industry has declined 500,000 jobs lost since WW2
- However in contrast to the north
south divide Manchester has one of the fastest growing economies in the UK
What are some facts about employment in the UK
- Gender pay gap has narrowed but men still earn 10% more than women
- 1million employed on 0 hour contracts
- Richest 1% own the same as the poorest 55% and top 5% have seen wages rise by 70% but the poor have not
- large scale legal tax avoidance by some of the rich e.g. Philip green avoided a 300 million tax bill by registering his wife as a Monaco citizen as they pay no tax.
What are the social, economic and environmental facts of the North/south divide
Social - Residents of Kensington + Chelsea have a life expectancy of 9.4 years higher than Blackpool
- In October 2022, London house prices were £520,000 compared to Middlesbrough at £84,900
-Students in south are 2x more likely to get 5 good GCSEs than the south
Economic - Elizabeth line opened in 2022 costing £28 billion more than total expenditure for 20 yrs north
- Senior managers earn £66,000 in London but £34,000 in Scotland
Environmental - 12% of land in Sunderland classed as derelict but only 1% in Brighton
Define deindustrialisation
and global shift
Deindustrialisation - Decrease in the amount of manufacturing taking place
Global shift - Movement of manufacturing to EDCs from western countries (shift in jobs)
Define privatisation
Deregulation of markets and
A brownfield site
. Privatisation - When a government owned company is sold to individuals or other company’s (British gas)
. Deregulation of markets - Government becomes less involved and company’s have to find better ways to make profit
. A brownfield site - Site that is use to have industry on it that is waiting for regeneration
What is the positives and negatives of privatised businesses
- Increases government profits as they don’t have to pay fees for problems etc
- Tax payers do not have to pay for non-profitable aspects of the business
However private owned transportation etc is more expensive than government owned
What is the distribution of job losses across the UK like since 1980
- South Wales lost its coal and ship building industry
- Midlands had major losses
- Yorkshire hit by coal industry
- North has major job losses e.g. Newcastle
However the south such as Cornwall and London had minimal job losses
What is meant by ‘The Rust Belt’ states in the USA
Example of states
The term given to places across North East America. Suffered the decline in metal manufacturing leading to deindustrialisation
E.g. Detroit, Pittsburgh and Chicago
What contributed to the development of the Rust belt?
- overseas company produce the same products for lower costs
- Mining company’s started using machinery resulting in fewer jobs
- Lower wages in SE America leading to the relocation of car and steel manufacturing
- USA coal industry survives because government creates subsides costing billions
What are some strengths and problems in the USA
Strengths: Many TNCs
- powerful
- Largest GDP
Problems: - little public transport (not even pavements sometimes)
- No free healthcare
- Most disparate nation (Gap between rich and poor)
- Estimated 48 million in poverty
What is a reinventor region and replicator city
Reinventor region - Cities that have successfully changed their economic base by encouraging modern tertiary and quaternary industries
Replicator city - Replaced old industries with less skilled activities such as call centres, distribution centres etc
What is the general election turnout in the UK like?
what is it mainly based on and what is it an example of
Mainly based on Access, wealth, Education, age and worth
- Cities have lower turnouts than rural areas
- North in 2024 has lower turnouts than the south
- Cornwall had the highest turnout in 2024 (70%)
- Bellow average incomes are less likely to vote
Example of community engagement
What are examples of local community engagement
- Voting turnout
- Activities such as sports clubs etc
- Volunteering
etc
What are
- Gated community’s
- Rural commuter locations
Are they affluent or deprived
Affluent
- Gated communities - contain controlled entrances for cars and pedestrians. in a closed perimeter of walls and fences. Whilst they are said to improve safety some say its an act of snobbery. e.g. Mountsorrel, Rothley, Cropston etc
- Rural commuter locations - Rural areas with excellent transport links to urban centres. These attract highly paid workers who commute to the city for work. These places have increase since it is desirable to live in the country e.g. Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Kent
What are
- Counter urbanised villages
- Costal retirement areas
Are they affluent or deprived
Affluent
- Counter urbanised villages - People moving from cities to rural areas. Residence are often highly skilled and paid that contributes to the villages economy. More regeneration is brought into businesses etc e.g. Quorn, Anstey
- Coastal retirement areas - Often affluent with elderly residence contributing to the local economy through local business and facilities. Many coastal villages have become affluent as wealthy retirees escape the busy city for a calm more relaxing coastal lifestyle e.g. Burge le marsh (60% over 65), Hastings in Dover
What are
- Sink estates
- struggling rural villages
Are they affluent or deprived?
Give examples
Deprived
- Sink estates - Housing estates with high levels of social and economic deprivation. Includes some of the country’s poorest housing. Usually unattractive, Neglected due to lack of investment and have high crime rates e.g. Aylesbury estate, Walworth (70% live in poverty) and Croydon
-Struggling rural villages - Rural areas becoming socially and economically deprived due to lack of investment. Many young people tend to leave leaving an ageing population. Many towns get left behind. e.g. Cornwall, Grimsby
What are
- Former industrial cities
- studentification zones
Are the affluent or deprived?
Give examples
Deprived
- Former industrial cities - Mass closures have caused deprivation in areas of high industry. Creating highs in unemployment, crime, drug abuse and poverty. E.g. Sheffield steel industry, Coalville coal industry and the majority of NE England
- Studentification zones - University students who rent houses are only there for half a year meaning many houses are left empty for large parts of the year. During term-time impacts such as crime, litter etc rise. Causing outward migration of long-term residence e.g. Nottingham, Leicester, Leeds etc
What role does the government play in regeneration
- Creating partnerships with charities/ developers etc
- Set targets to national issues
- Infrastructure investment to maintain accessibility e.g. housing crisis
- Attracting FDI
- Set and enforce laws e.g. planning laws
What are the UKs railways like compared to China
China - Built 10km of high speed railway in 20 years
- Modern and cheap
- Many high speed railways
UK - Expensive (most expensive in Europe)
- outdated
- overcrowded/ limited access
- Limited high speed railways (only 70 miles between London and Dover)
What is the distribution of English airports like?
- London has 6 airports with Heathrow being the hub.
- Limited number of airports to the north of England (0 between Leeds and Newcastle)
- There are only 2 airports in the Midlands and none in the East
What is the ‘Housing Crisis’ in the UK
There is not enough houses for supply and demand
55% of homes are owner occupied, down from 67% in 2004
Average house prices are £275,000 which is 9 x times the average income
What factors have led to the UK housing crisis
- council houses becoming privatised by ‘right to buy’ scheme
- Housing is very unaffordable (9x average income)
- population growth - 0.6% increase in life expectancy and increase in net migration
- Household changes - 2 people live in a property on average now but in 1950s 5 people lived in a property on average
- Buy to let investor’s - large proportion of housing stock are owned by private investors for long-term rental
What is fracking
Process of drilling down into the ground today extract shale gas trapped in the rocks- used as a source of energy
Chemicals, water + sand fired at high pressure into rocks
