case studies Flashcards
What was Germany like before the re-unification
Germany was divided into 2 after WW2
Capitalist west and communist east Germany. The 2 countries had separate laws , legal and governmental systems and different currencies .
East Germans could not travel to the west
When was the German re-unification and what happened in it
- Re-unification happened in 1990
- A referendum was held and many voted for a re-unification
- East Germany adopted west Germanys practises
There was a major expenditure on:
. upgrading all motorways and main roads
. A plan to create a new electrified rail network
. Subsidies and tax breaks designed to attract investment to the east
. converted the east currencies which is low value for 1:1
Where did the money for the German re-unification happen and was it successful
There was a 5.5% solidarity tax paid by middle and high earners that was generally supported by tax payers
East has improved and the region is wealthier than some places in northern England
Where is San Francisco located
and what is the population size
San Francisco is located in northern California on the west coast of America
Second most densely populated city in the USA (after NYC). Home to around 8.7 million
Why is San Francisco a successful place
- Home to 290 billionaires
- Attracts large companies
- 50,000 technology firms who have highly skilled staff who have high wages
- Average household incomes are $90,000 double the national average
- Unemployment rates are 1.2% and 65% of people have a degree or higher
- Hosts the USA largest pride celebrations
- High speed rail line covering 400 miles from San Francisco to Los Angeles
Why is San Francisco not a successful place
- Many less affluent residence are being priced out and evicted
- Housing prices average at $450,000 (2nd highest in the USA)
- Large social class divide
- Not enough houses for demand resulting in homelessness
Where is Berkshire
Berkshire is a county to the east of London
Why is Berkshire successful
- Underground connection to London via the Elizabeth line from Reading
- Average wages are £32,600 comapred to national average of £25,800
- 13 of the largest TNCs have offices in the county
- Region makes a net contribution (GVA) of £30 billion to UK economy
- County ranks 7/146 for GCSE results
- Unemployment 2%
Why is Berkshire an unsuccessful place
- Has some of the most expensive house prices
Why was Detroit know as the motor city
High levels of Motor mechanics and they have the homes of HQ and Ford
What has happened to Detroit in the present day?
- 1961 population peaked at 1.2 million to 525,000 to now
- 2008 unemployment was over 20%
- 25% of all land in city boundary’s now derelict
- Highest murder rates in USA
- 100 schools closed since 2005
What are the examples of the Rural and Urban unsuccessful place in the rust belt
Rural- Beattyville in Kentucky
Urban - Detroit
What are the reasons for Beattyville’s decline
- Americas poorest predominantly white town
- Coal industry decline (Beattyville was known as the ‘coal country’)
- opioid addiction is a major problem also fentanyl
- Most trade has moved to Asian country’s
- No regeneration or investment in the area
What is are the economic and environmental impacts of Beattyville’s decline
Economic - Median household income of $12,000 compared to national average of $54,000
- Towns poverty rate 44% above the national average
- 1/2 families bellow the poverty line
Environmental - Large factories and warehouses have been left without purpose. 26 former factories in a 10 mile radius with no use
- Natural landscape scarred by the extent of former metal extraction
What are the social impacts of Beattyville’s decline
- 81% voted for Donald Trump
- Only 5% of people have college degrees
- 1/3 of teenagers did not graduate
- opioid addictions
- Overdoses of Fentanyl kill over 10,000 Americans a year
- Life expectancy 8 years bellow average
What is an example of a reinventor region and why did it decline in the first place
High tec employment in Oxfordshire
The agriculture collapse and the car manufacturing collapse in the early 1980s led to above average unemployment
What are the reasons for success in Oxfordshire
- Now 1,800 high tec businesses providing 42,000 jobs
- Highest growth rate of hi-tec business
- Links with world class research (Oxford Uni)
- Attractive environment such as the Cotswold
- Large skilled workforce
What is an example of a replicator city
Why did it decline
Call centres in Newcastle
- Decline in the steel and ship making industry creating job losses
- Not as much investment as the south of England etc
What are is one of the reasons Newcastle hasn’t regenerated
why do these companies choose this location
Due to the companies such as British airways, AA etc have their call centres located in Newcastle
- Lowest average weekly wage in the UK. People in the call centres earn an average £15,500 a year
- Sickness absence is lowest in UK
- Available workforce due to high unemployment
- Land and property amongst the cheapest in the UK
- Reputation for friendliness and good telephone manner
What is Grampound in Cornwall an example of and what is some context behind it
Example of local community engagement
- Population of around 600
- Most are fairly affluent living in houses averaging £270,000
- Came 2nd overall in ‘UKs best community’ competition
Why is Grampound in Cornwall one of the country’s best community’s
- Clubs and society’s for all backgrounds (14 clubs and organisations )
- Thriving carnival every September
- Turnout for the parish and county council elections is higher than the national average (People are willing to stand for elections)
- The locals decided to open a community shop and coffee shop owned and run by the village raising over £50,000
Why might the level of community engagement in Grampound be unlikely in a large city or areas of deprivation
- In a large city there are millions of people and its hard to get everyone involved
- Small populations can see change quicker compared to cites
- People who are deprived may not have time or motivation to take part due to stresses
- They also may not have skills and money to set up organisations (Legal side or people to volunteer)
What is the HS2 and what are the details about it
- High speed railway connecting the country’s biggest cities
- First phase London-Birmingham (started in 2017,finish approx. 2030)
- Second phase connecting the North has been cancelled
- Cost could be as high as £106bn - 89% higher than planned
- Project first proposed in 2010 but has proved to be very controversial and difficult
What is the HS2 an example of
Government role in regeneration
What are the positives of the HS2
- The project could create 100,000 jobs for people around the country
- People could get to London in record times increasing the number of visitors
- Cutting journey times and congestion on the roads due to lowering the amount of cars on our roads
- As the UK is falling behind in transport systems we must upgrade our systems
What are the negatives of the HS2
- Tracks will run through thousands of fields and farms ruining areas of natural beauty
- Cost is most likely to be over £100 billion (due to high cost of land) which could be spent on other things
- Existing buildings, shops, houses, offices etc will have to be knocked down meaning many people will be displaced from there homes with no choice
- Trains run at 250mph which is very dangerous as there are many places with pedestrian/car crossings
What are some examples of stakeholders on the HS2
- Former secretary of transport (Chris grayling MP)
- CEO of East midlands airport (Karen Smart)
- Yorkshire Farmer (Sam burton)
- Local resident and Nurse (Lisa Wyman)
What stake holders are For the HS2 and what are the reasons
Former sectary of transport (Chris Grayling) - He says ‘High speed rail is vital beyond Birmingham’ and ‘We need the HS2 more than ever’
Reasons: - It will boost our regional and national economies
- North will be better than the south
- Create thousands of jobs
- Economy will pay back £55bn cost (before increase to £106bn)
CEO of east midlands airport (Karen Smart) - Reasons : increase the number of people using the airport
- Project will unite the East midlands 3 largest cities (Very rare)
- Region has been left behind historically in regeneration
What stakeholders of the HS2 are against and why
Yorkshire farmer (Sam Burton) - He blocked access for the HS2 as it is disrupting faming
Reasons: - Compensation for farmers is to low
- The government is tacking more land than originally claimed
- Farmland is being destroyed
- Farmers feel as if they have no support
Local resident and Nurse (Lisa Wyman) - Reasons: Outrageous cost of £106 billion
- Money could be used to help the state of the NHS
- NHS is more important than the HS2
Why is there a need to build the 3rd runway at Heathrow
- 3rd busiest airport in the world
- Running at 99% capacity
- European competitors have more runways and destinations (Amsterdam = 6 runways and 247 destinations but Heathrow only has 2 runways and 162 destinations)
- Planes are queuing for lengths of time meaning airlines loose money
What are the arguments for building a third runway at Heathrow
- It will boost the economy - It will be worth 7bn/year to the economy and create thousands of jobs
- Heathrow needs more capacity - Runs at 99% and there’s a threat to be overtaken by competitors
- There’s no alternatives - Building a new airport is not feasible
- Pollution concerns are overplayed - Pollution will be monitored and new tec means planes are quieter and less polluting
What did the chandler of exchequer say in January 2025
What is her name
Racheal reives
She confirmed the building of the the 3rd runway at Heathrow airport
What are the arguments against a 3rd runway at Heathrow
- We need to reduce, not increase emissions - Heathrow makes up 6% of all emissions
- Health of Londoners at risk - Suggested levels of nitrogen oxide and noise pollutant limits
- Economic case overstated - Demand for flying is predicted to fall
- Impact on local area - Sipson a village of 700 houses will be demolished along with hundreds of acres of green belt
- Awful location - Flight path over large capital city
What are the government proposing to overcome the housing crisis
- Build affordable homes- so younger people have a chance of getting on the property ladder. All new developments must have at least 30% affordable housing
- Reconsider green belt land- e.g. more of Surrey are golf courses than houses
- Building 1.5 million new homes in the next 5 years
- Simplified planning process and harder to protest building
- 2nd homes are able to be charged more council tax
How is the house prices effecting people of the UK
- Many people are struggling to feed family’s due to the rise in mortgages/rent
- Many people are being evicted due to missing rent
- Foreign investors buying but not living in houses
- People living in temporary accommodation for months due to lack of social housing
- Social housing is usually under kept etc
What are the arguments in favour of fracking
- Access to more gas and oil
- Reduced dependency on foreign oil
- plenty of Jobs
- Lower Taxes
Where is Kirby Misperton and some facts about it
North Yorkshire
- Population of 370 in 2011
- In 2013 a oil company had an application for shale gas tests (For fracking) adjacent to the village which was proved by the National government and Yorkshire count council
- Received 4375 letters of objection and only 36 in support
What are the examples of government roles in regeneration
- HS2
- Kirby Misperton
- 3rd Runway at Heathrow airport
- Housing crisis
- London 2012 Olympics
Who supports Fracking in Kirby Misperton
- North Yorkshire county council voted 7 to 4 in favour as they would receive tax revue
- David Cameron then PM stated government policy was all out for shale
- Andrea Leadsom the energy minister said “fracking is a fantastic opportunity. Its good for jobs, the economy and our energy security
What are the arguments against Fracking
- Any form on gas is still a fossil fuel and burning it is at odds with efforts to reduce carbon admissions
- Concerns as it could contaminate the water table
- Noise and emissions caused by machinery required to bring water to Fracking sites
- Costs billions of pounds due to high tec machinery and huge infrastructure
What were some reasons the 2012 Olympics was handed to London
- Political reasons - The French president insulted the Finish and other Scandinavian delegated (who then voted for London)
- Youth engagement in sport
- Financial - they had full government backing
- Facilities - They had many facilities but also regenerated Stratford
- Multiculturalism and sustainability
What was the area of Stratford like before the Olympics
- High levels of poverty (one of the most deprived parts of London)
- Average family income of £28,000 (£9000 under London)
- Unemployment at 7.8% which was higher than London
- 37% poverty rate
- Low achievement at school in term of GCSE points
How did the Olympics regenerate Stratford
- More green space/parks
- Aquatics centre
- 9000 new homes
- International train station
- Football stadium (West ham)
- 400 new businesses
- Luxury apartments
What were some of the criticisms of the London 2012 Olympics
- Many Jobs created were only temporary or unskilled and poorly paid
- House prices in Stratford increased by 319% to £545,250
- 80 businesses in Stratford were forced to move to make room to build the park
- How can the government can find money to host the Olympics but not regenerate the North?
What is the current problem in regards to hosting the Olympics and other major sporting events
It is a major problem getting countries to bid for major sporting events
e.g. Brisbane 2032 only hosting because nobody else bid
Why was the legacy of the London 2012 Olympics criticised
- Many displaced by the Olympics - Clays lane housing estate home to 450 was compulsory purchased in 2007. Many old tenants had to live in temporary accommodation struggling to meet ends meet and can no longer afford housing back in Clays lane.
- London Olympics has brought regeneration at a price locals cannot afford - Little affordable housing after promised 50%. 5 towers built in Stratford only contain 8% affordable housing. Housing over 9x average house prices
How was the London 2012 Olympics legacy praised
- Many felt they were apart of history
- Infrastructure improvements outpost of the capital have been phenomenal
- Brought more than £9bn of investment into East London. Much of it went into transport
- New Stratford underground station
How has the legacy of the London 2012 Olympics impacted people/businesses positively and negatively
. Positively - Volunteers in the Olympics gained experience
- Regeneration of facilities impressing tourists and athletes
- Transport links of the highest qualities
- Olympic park bringing joy to locals
- Westfield shopping centre being the largest in Europe is good for businesses as there’s many workers to hire and lots of profit made
. Negatives - Many west ham fans unhappy with the move to the Olympic stadium
- Area is more expensive
- Erasing unwealthy locals from the image of London
- People displaced from there homes and put in temporary accommodation miles away and cannot afford to move back
