Regenerating Places Flashcards
Define place
Geographical spaces shaped by individuals and communities over time
Define rural urban continuum
The transition from sparsely populated remote rural areas to densely populated rural areas
Define processes
The movement of people, capital, information and resources, which can create wealthy or deprived places
Define regeneration
The process of improving a place by making positive changes. Focuses on residential, retail or industrial. Means physical improvements to an area
Define rebranding
Creating a new image or reputation for an area- the marketing of a place. Alters the feel and attitude people have towards a place. Often relies on an areas industrial past or literary fame
Define reimaging
Changing the image or name of a place
Define quinary
The highest levels of decision making in an economy- top business execs and officials in government, universities, media, science. (Mainly in science and tech)
Define postcode lottery
The uneven distribution of health and other services nationally, especially in mental health, care if the elderly and cancer diagnosis
Define Glasgow effect
The unexplained poor health and low life expectancy of residents of Glasgow (linked with deprivation?)
Define quality of life
The level of socio economic wellbeing of individuals and communities. Measured by various indicators including health, happiness, income, educational achievement and leisure time.
Define inequality
Occurs in different forms. High inequality reduces potential for growth. Benefits do not always trickle down to those in need. Regeneration tries to change this.
Define spatial inequality
Differences across places at a range of scales
Define inter generational cycle
Poor health and educational achievement may be inter generational- passes on from parents to children
Define primary
Extraction of raw materials from the ground or sea
Primary job examples
Farming, mining, forestry
Where are primary jobs typically found
Northern England, Midlands, Wales, Scotland
Define secondary sector
Manufacturing and processing of raw materials into goods
Secondary sector job examples
Manufacturing
Secondary sector place example
Northern England.
Midlands
Wales
Scotland
Define tertiary
Service sector
Tertiary sector job example
Retail,
Tourism
Healthcare
Banking
Education
Tertiary sector typically found?
Liverpool
Quaternary defined
High tech research and design
Quaternary job examples
Finance
Law
IT
Biotechnology
Quaternary sector place example
London (docklands)
Quinary simple definition
Knowledge management and consultancy
Quinary sector job examples
STEM employment
Top business executives in governments, science, unis, non profit organisations, healthcare, culture and media
Quinary sector place example
Big cities (London - canary wharf)
Positives in the reduction in primary and secondary employment
Less emissions
Health and (air + water) quality will improve
Quality of environment will increase
Negatives of the reduction in primary and secondary employment
Less to trade
Creates derelict land
Positives of expanding the tertiary and quaternary sectors
Higher wages - improve economy
Increased life expectancy
Negatives of expanding the tertiary and quaternary sectors
Jobs are seasonal
Wealth gap will increase
Where is the highest percentage of unemployment?
Former industrial areas (Liverpool 31.6%)
Where is the lowest percentage of unemployment?
Small towns as they have a small population (Buckinghamshire 9.8%)
What does unemployment have an impact upon
Health
Life expectancy
Education
Employment and social factors
Growing up in poverty and the likelihood of dropping out of further education are linked to ill health later
Also works other way around- ill health and disability can impact upon people’s ability to work
Causes of deaths that are higher in deprived areas include cardiovascular conditions, lung cancer, cirrhosis of the liver, respiratory diseases and suicuides
Camden
34% of children live in poverty (national average is 21%)
Unemployment rate for young people is higher than the rest of the uk
7% of young people not in employment, education or training
An increasing life expectancy however 43% of deaths in 2010 considered premature
Inequality in pay
The richest 1% of the population received 13% of all income (and accumulated as much wealth as the poorest 55% of the population in 2014)
Trusses trust inequality in pay
Trusses trust recorded the number of people receiving three days or more worth of emergency food increased from 26,000 in 2009 to over 900,000 in 2014
Define index of multiple deprivation
A measure of relative deprivation in an area
Define median
Middle value from a range of values
Define inequality
Different people/areas experience different standards of living
Example of port (explanation)
Liverpool and Southampton
Both are still ports, but this function has diminished in importance and they are now multifunctional
Example of a market town (explanation)
Watford
Originally a market town, and although it still holds a regular market, it is now a thriving multifunctional centre
Example of a resort
Southport
Popular Victorian seaside resort, although it now has many functions and is a commuter settlement for Liverpool
Example of a industrial
Sheffield
Nearby natural resources allowed it to develop as an important centre in the iron and steel industry. Although steel is still produced it is at a decline so it is a multifunctional city
Deprivation seven domains
Income
Employment
Health
Education
Living environment
Crime
Barriers to service
Deprivation
Measured across seven domains: income, health, employment, education, living environment, crime and barriers to services. Uses a wide range of indicators, and the methods used show how each area compares with other areas across England using a combination of all of these indicators
Old economy
Industries that have not changed significantly despite advances in technology
New economy
Shift from manufacturing economy to a technology driven economy
Knowledge economy
Production of goods and services based on knowledge
Function of a settlement
The reason why a settlement was first built
Describes all the main activities that occur in it
Function of a settlement (starting)
When settlements first started to grow, most has only one distinct function and others developed as the settlement grew
Function of a settlement (HIC)
Most large settlements in HICs are multifunctional and perform a range of functions such as retail, education, industry, recreational, government and entertainment
Settlement hierarchies
Conurbation
City
Large town
Small town
Village
Hamlet
Isolated dwelling
(Upwards arrow) decrease in frequency, increase in size of settlement higher population and more services
High order functions (found in larger settlements)
Banks, department stores, council offices and doctor surgeries
Low order functions (found in all settlements)
Grocery stores, post boxes and pubs are classes lower order functions
Demographic changes in the UK
White ethnicity decreasing (86% in 2011 <— 91.3% in 2001)
Rural areas have higher elderly population
Rise in youth unemployment and affluent areas because of less graduate employment
Gentrification
Arrival of wealthier people in an existing urban district, a related increase in rents and property value, and changes in the districts character and culture
Often old run down inner city areas are attractive to the young upwardly mobile- these areas see huge increases in property prices
Advantages of gentrification
More people move there
Variety of people
Provide better services/ facilities
Improve building quality
Can improve quality of environment (crime rate decrease?)
Change in area (people views/ attitudes change)
Disadvantages of gentrification
Expensive housing
Push people out of area (local businesses, homes)- typically low income residents
Studentification
An area that caters towards students. Higher education provision. Students often cluster in certain areas of larger towns and cities
Their absence during holidays may cause conflict with residents
Headingly, Leeds 2/3 of 10,000 residents are students
Key players in London docklands
Government owners keen to purchase land
Architects
Construction companies
Investors
History of London docklands
Closed in 1981
Living close to the docks were the workers and their family. They were poorly paid, housing was social housing rented from local councils
Over 12,000 jobs were lost
Nearby industries in east London’s Lea valley also closed as they needed the port to import raw materials + export finished products
Problems arising from the London docklands closure
Over 12,000 jobs lost between 1978 and 1983
Over 60% of men were unemployed in East London in 1981
Abandoned docks and derelict wharves near Tower Bridge
Industries in East London’s Lea Valley also closed, needed to import raw materials and export finished products
Who is the LDDC and what is their role in London docklands regeneration?
London Docklands Development Corporation
Initial grant of £17 million
Role was to change (develop) the London docklands/ encourage growth
Market led regeneration:
- promoted economic growth, improve infrastructure and housing
- as long as planning permission granted in 1991 companies could obtain tax breaks on new buildings. Designed to attract investors
Improvements made to the London docklands
Improved infrastructure- was one bus route so changes to tube and rail stations, access to area
Housing- warehouses were transformed into flats, low cost housing, renovations of older council owned property
Leisure and amenities- large shopping centre created, parks created, the O2 arena
Property prices (Canary Wharf, E14)
Canary Wharf average house prices
- £550,000
E14 average house prices
- £540,000
Semi detached is the most expensive
London docklands regeneration strengths
Canary Wharf was built it brought: high rise office buildings which house international banks (over 100,000 employed in Canary Wharf)
Regeneration helped make London a major global financial centre
Transport improved
More housing built (warehouses transformed into flats
London docklands regeneration weaknesses
Most of the improvements did not benefit the original residents
Many locals were unable to afford the new houses/ flats
Despite an increase in jobs most of them went to people living outside of the docklands
New residents did not mix well with the original residents which reduced their community spirit
More money was spent on improving infrastructure for workers rather than on services for residentd
London docklands regeneration opportunities
As long as planning permissions was granted by 1991, companies could obtain tax breaks on new buildings. These tax incentives were designed to attract investors
New transport developments: extending Jubilee line, developing docklands light railway, building new roads, creating London airport which provides access to canary wharf
London docklands regeneration threats
The government introduced ‘right to buy’ scheme which gave those living in council housing the right to buy it at a reduced price. The housing then transferred from public to private sector - reduced the number of social housing available. Most housing is in the rented private sector so lower income people in social housing have been forced out
Those in poor health are often unable to work and are concentrated in low cost social housing. This has lead to high deprivation (tower hamlets + new ham)
Physical factors why do places change
Resource availability
Natural disaster - tectonic activity
River course change
Climate change
Soil erosion
Human activities
Glacial movement
Local + national planning why do places change
Local planning
Zoning regulation
Infrastructure development
National government - restructuring uk economy
A ‘plan led’ system - control over development, zoning + segregating land uses
Central government intervention
Perception of a place - does it need changing
Conservation area policies
Historical development why do places change
Increased affluence
Historic buildings - regeneration
Competition for the optimum site for function
Urbanisation + industrialisation
Regeneration
Changes in consumer trends - retail, house types
Post production era - primary + manufacturing industry ending
Accessibility and connectedness why do places change
Access to other places
Online presence
Proximity to services
Globalisation leads to TNCs investment
Connections help competition for investors + visitors
Transport links
What are the three centrifugal forces
Globalisation
Employment change
Inward migration
Globalisation (centrifugal force)
Resulted in manufactured goods being produced cheaply overseas - affects manufacturing in London and elsewhere
Containerisation also affected east London
The closure of the London docklands led to internal migration as people left to find work- this led to population change. Most residents are part of knowledge economy so commute to work so they do not know community
Employment change (centrifugal force)
More people are in higher income jobs
1951 18% of population are in professional or managerial jobs in 2011 31% are
More people buy their own property
Newcomers have displaced existing residents as house prices and rent have risen
Inward migration, gentrification and regeneration have revitalised places
Inward migration (centrifugal force)
Growing economy and ageing population led to a need for overseas migrants to provide workers
Former residents may be less likely to identify with their local area once they leave
Brick land in east London has seen waves of migrants escape persecution
What previous regeneration schemes have taken place in Leatherhead
One way system
Swan centre
Why does leather head need regeneration
Road system has become a problem
Need more modern facilities
Decline in retail and commercial activity
To attract more tourists
What are the future plans to regenerate leatherhead
Wider range of shops, new housing, leisure and community facilities
Town centre will be highly accessible
Improved access into leather head
Remodelling swan centre to provide an enclosed shopping mall
Increased parking features, housing
The rust belt strengths
USAs largest coke (processed coal for steel industry) manufacturing facility
Supplied war damage Europe with steel to help it rebuild
- population peaked at 20,000 in 1950
The rust belt weaknesses
Wildfires, floods, droughts
Massive population increase as a result of immigration- risk of overpopulation or lack of infrastructural planning
Young economically active population decline in rural regions of Australia as many relocate to Sydney
Rust belt opportunities
Increased spending commitments caused by those claiming welfare
Chance to be relocated in US with lower salaries like 90,000 jobs being created in Alabama, Tennessee, Virginia and Texas
Rust belt threats
Overseas companies produce cheaper coal and steel
Mining companies have mechanised to cut costs (result in job losses)
Without subsidies companies cannot compete globally and would be forced to close (negative multiplier)
Population decline and a brain drain as people leave to seek work elsewhere
Negative multiplier effect leading to population reduction
Brain drain makes it unattractive
Sydney strengths
Desirable (area due to beaches and environment) climate makes it attractive
Leading financial centre for Asia Pacific region
2011 over 450,000 businesses based in Sydney including Australia top 500 companies
A young economically active workforce, median working age 36
Low levels of deprivation, especially in western suburbs where employment levels are generally high
Sydney weaknesses
Very expensive to live in Sydney, ranked 5th most expensive city
Average income is £44,000 per household
Sydney opportunities
Deregulating banking and finance
Inward migration policy focussed on well qualified professionals
One of the worlds sun belt cities
Immigration leads to wealth of skills and cultures
Sydney threats
Wildfires, floods, droughts
Massive population increase as a result of immigration- risk of overpopulation or lack of infrastructural planning
Young economically active population decline in
Gated community
A form of residential community of housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances
Commuter villages
A village whose residents normally work elsewhere, although they live, eat and sleep in these neighbourhoods
Lived experience
Personal knowledge about the world gained from first hand experiences
What evidence suggests the UK was an industrial giant
1952 it produced a third of national output, employed 40% of the workforce and made up a quarter of world manufacturing output
What is the blame put on the government
Financial and business services were seen as the way forward for Britain, with manufacturing
Why is manufacturing seen as more secure than most services
There is always a demand for the product
Custom House
Is a ward near Canning Town in the London borough of new ham
Custom House economically deprived
Area needed employment. 2001 only 36.7% of adults in full time work. (London average- 51%)
Custom House socially deprived
Area needed improved housing, health facilities and education. 2001 71% housing rented, low quality. 43% of adults had no educational qualifications
Custom House environmentally deprived
Closure of docks in 1980 and associated industries resulted in environmental decay
CATCH
Canning Town and Custom House
- community led regeneration
CATCH focussed on (housing)
10,000 affordable new homes, family sized houses were planned for construction by 2020
Much of the existing social housing was poorly built and needed renovation
CATCH focused on (employment)
Jobs creation and training for local people, offices and workspaces were made available for small businesses
Public transport was improved
New local shops and a supermarket were opened
CATCH focused on (education)
Replacement buildings for local primary and secondary schools were built
CATCH focused on (health)
Streets made safer by redesigning them using traffic calming and open spaces
A new health centre, library, community centre and children’s play areas were opened
Disenfranchised
Deprived of the right to vote or other rights of citizenship
Deprivation and voter turnout
Age group differences
Ethnicity and length of residence
Gender differences
Areas of London and levels of voter engagement
Levels of deprivation
Deprivation and voter turnout (age group differences)
18.7% of cornwalls population aged 65-84 compared to 14.2% nationally, so there are more people with time to devote to community activities. Those aged over 60 are also more likely to vote in elections
Deprivation and voter turnout (gender differences)
More women engage in community work than men
Women may still feel less able to do certain things
If staying at home with children then they are more likely to be active in local community
Deprivation and voter turnout (ethnicity and length of residence)
Non white British may differ in their views because of local antipathy or acceptance
Half on non UK born short term residents were in UK as full time students, 1/4 were working short term, and the remainder were either visiting relatives or on extending holidays/ gap years
Engagement with communities is unlikely to develop in this short period
Deprivation and voter turnout (areas of London and levels of voter engagement)
National turnout has fallen from 82.6% in 1951 general election, to 76% in 1979, 71.4% in 1997, to 66.1% in 2015
Turnout varies geographically, it tends to be higher in rural than urban areas
Deprivation and voter turnout (ethnicity)
East London Bangladeshi community had higher percentage who voted than amongst Londoners as a whole- despite being a poorer area
People vote when they face prejudice, or exploitation at work, and traditions
Deprivation and voter turnout (levels of deprivation)
Higher levels may be associated with antiestablishment views, those in temporary accommodation or rented housing may feel less at home than owner occupiers
Sense of belonging and identity
Culture
Class
Age
Characteristics
Religion
Gender
Hobbies
Personality
Community integration
Physical appearance
Beliefs
Occupation
Sexuality
Ethnicity
Community engagement
Mean different things to different people
- involvement, participation, range of activities
Camp Hill, Nuneaton, Warwickshire (problems)
Was becoming increasingly isolated from neighbouring areas in 1950 and 60s
Faced socioeconomic problems
Camp Hill, Nuneaton, Warwickshire challenges were:
High rate to buy let properties and absentee landlords, low education attainment, poor health and youth under achievement
Camp Hill first phase
First phase of initiative the local authority showed the issues to the HCA and key agencies
- led to an agreement among key partners to prioritise re generation of the estate including improving social outcomes and changes to housing
PINCH regeneration scheme
Pride In Camp Hill
PINCH team was created:
Created with active involvement of elected members, local community groups and residents
- resident members has two places on PINCH board, and though their involvement functioned as advocates of the project to the community
Conflicts can occur:
Among contrasting groups in communities that have different views about the priorities and strategies for regenerating
Broadwater farm estate proposal
294 new council homes
Repairs and improvements to dwellings
Security of buildings
Street lighting and communal light improvement
Improved cleaning and refuse disposal
Broadwater farm (people unhappy)
Homes will be built on the old Moselle school site
Buildings works will bring more people and heavy vehicles- will be noisy
Want investment rather than rebuilding houses
What happened in 1985 following the original riots (Broadwater farm)
Death if Cynthia Jarrett (heart failure when 4 policemen raided home)
Infrastructure
The basic physical systems of a place (transport, utilities)
Economic infrastructure
Includes highways, energy distribution, water and sewage facilities and telecommunication networks
Social infrastructure
Includes public housing, hospitals, schools and universities (facilities for living life)
HS2 economic benefits
Better transport links between major cities and the capital will boost business, trade and migration
Help kick start economy out of recession
HS2 will give europes railways competition
High speed network is cost effective way of extending existing railway network
Help rebalance uk economy
HS2 social benefits
Creat jobs- construction works will provide much needed employment in a number of industries
HS2 will bring UK into 21st century- no longer: late, dirty, bad experience - greater train route
free up capacity on existing network
HS2 environmental benefits
HS2 will reduce domestic air travel and carbon emissions
HS2 economic costs
Britain bankrupt- locals say they won’t use it
Commuters help pay £17.8 billion just to get it to run
Benefits would not arrive for decades total cost of £32 billion
Extra cost of inflation, interest, compensation
HS2 social costs
Communities negatively affected- already have rail network
Wrong priority for Great Britain
Commuters help pay £17.8 billion just to get it to run
HS2 social costs
Bad for countryside- part of green belt land
Extra cost so environmental protection, farm bridges, foot bridges
Heathrow expansion economic benefits
Third runway would provide UK £100 billion
Expansion would protect 114,000 jobs and create more than 70,000 new jobs
Heathrow expansion social benefits
Would be able to cater for 130 million passengers compared to 70 million
Capacity would be 740,000 flights a year rather than 480,000
Heathrow expansion environmental benefits
Expansion could be met within EU climate change targets
Continued improvements to aircraft efficiency means air traffic could double by 2050 without a substantial increase in emissions
Heathrow expansion social costs
Demolition of villages of Longford and Harmondsworth
Destroy homes and countryside
Tranquility of rural communities will be gone
Heathrow expansion environmental costs
Increase air pollution
Would build over the countryside
Heathrow would become britains biggest emitter of carbon
