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A Human Geography > Regenerating Places > Flashcards

Regenerating Places Flashcards

1
Q

Define place

A

Geographical spaces shaped by individuals and communities over time

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2
Q

Define rural urban continuum

A

The transition from sparsely populated remote rural areas to densely populated rural areas

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3
Q

Define processes

A

The movement of people, capital, information and resources, which can create wealthy or deprived places

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4
Q

Define regeneration

A

The process of improving a place by making positive changes. Focuses on residential, retail or industrial. Means physical improvements to an area

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5
Q

Define rebranding

A

Creating a new image or reputation for an area- the marketing of a place. Alters the feel and attitude people have towards a place. Often relies on an areas industrial past or literary fame

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6
Q

Define reimaging

A

Changing the image or name of a place

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7
Q

Define quinary

A

The highest levels of decision making in an economy- top business execs and officials in government, universities, media, science. (Mainly in science and tech)

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8
Q

Define postcode lottery

A

The uneven distribution of health and other services nationally, especially in mental health, care if the elderly and cancer diagnosis

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9
Q

Define Glasgow effect

A

The unexplained poor health and low life expectancy of residents of Glasgow (linked with deprivation?)

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10
Q

Define quality of life

A

The level of socio economic wellbeing of individuals and communities. Measured by various indicators including health, happiness, income, educational achievement and leisure time.

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11
Q

Define inequality

A

Occurs in different forms. High inequality reduces potential for growth. Benefits do not always trickle down to those in need. Regeneration tries to change this.

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12
Q

Define spatial inequality

A

Differences across places at a range of scales

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13
Q

Define inter generational cycle

A

Poor health and educational achievement may be inter generational- passes on from parents to children

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14
Q

Define primary

A

Extraction of raw materials from the ground or sea

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15
Q

Primary job examples

A

Farming, mining, forestry

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16
Q

Where are primary jobs typically found

A

Northern England, Midlands, Wales, Scotland

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17
Q

Define secondary sector

A

Manufacturing and processing of raw materials into goods

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18
Q

Secondary sector job examples

A

Manufacturing

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19
Q

Secondary sector place example

A

Northern England.
Midlands
Wales
Scotland

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20
Q

Define tertiary

A

Service sector

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21
Q

Tertiary sector job example

A

Retail,
Tourism
Healthcare
Banking
Education

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22
Q

Tertiary sector typically found?

A

Liverpool

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23
Q

Quaternary defined

A

High tech research and design

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24
Q

Quaternary job examples

A

Finance
Law
IT
Biotechnology

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25
Q

Quaternary sector place example

A

London (docklands)

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26
Q

Quinary simple definition

A

Knowledge management and consultancy

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27
Q

Quinary sector job examples

A

STEM employment
Top business executives in governments, science, unis, non profit organisations, healthcare, culture and media

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28
Q

Quinary sector place example

A

Big cities (London - canary wharf)

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29
Q

Positives in the reduction in primary and secondary employment

A

Less emissions
Health and (air + water) quality will improve
Quality of environment will increase

30
Q

Negatives of the reduction in primary and secondary employment

A

Less to trade
Creates derelict land

31
Q

Positives of expanding the tertiary and quaternary sectors

A

Higher wages - improve economy
Increased life expectancy

32
Q

Negatives of expanding the tertiary and quaternary sectors

A

Jobs are seasonal
Wealth gap will increase

33
Q

Where is the highest percentage of unemployment?

A

Former industrial areas (Liverpool 31.6%)

34
Q

Where is the lowest percentage of unemployment?

A

Small towns as they have a small population (Buckinghamshire 9.8%)

35
Q

What does unemployment have an impact upon

A

Health
Life expectancy
Education

36
Q

Employment and social factors

A

Growing up in poverty and the likelihood of dropping out of further education are linked to ill health later
Also works other way around- ill health and disability can impact upon people’s ability to work
Causes of deaths that are higher in deprived areas include cardiovascular conditions, lung cancer, cirrhosis of the liver, respiratory diseases and suicuides

37
Q

Camden

A

34% of children live in poverty (national average is 21%)
Unemployment rate for young people is higher than the rest of the uk
7% of young people not in employment, education or training
An increasing life expectancy however 43% of deaths in 2010 considered premature

38
Q

Inequality in pay

A

The richest 1% of the population received 13% of all income (and accumulated as much wealth as the poorest 55% of the population in 2014)

39
Q

Trusses trust inequality in pay

A

Trusses trust recorded the number of people receiving three days or more worth of emergency food increased from 26,000 in 2009 to over 900,000 in 2014

40
Q

Define index of multiple deprivation

A

A measure of relative deprivation in an area

41
Q

Define median

A

Middle value from a range of values

42
Q

Define inequality

A

Different people/areas experience different standards of living

43
Q

Example of port (explanation)

A

Liverpool and Southampton
Both are still ports, but this function has diminished in importance and they are now multifunctional

44
Q

Example of a market town (explanation)

A

Watford
Originally a market town, and although it still holds a regular market, it is now a thriving multifunctional centre

45
Q

Example of a resort

A

Southport
Popular Victorian seaside resort, although it now has many functions and is a commuter settlement for Liverpool

46
Q

Example of a industrial

A

Sheffield
Nearby natural resources allowed it to develop as an important centre in the iron and steel industry. Although steel is still produced it is at a decline so it is a multifunctional city

47
Q

Deprivation seven domains

A

Income
Employment
Health
Education
Living environment
Crime
Barriers to service

48
Q

Deprivation

A

Measured across seven domains: income, health, employment, education, living environment, crime and barriers to services. Uses a wide range of indicators, and the methods used show how each area compares with other areas across England using a combination of all of these indicators

49
Q

Old economy

A

Industries that have not changed significantly despite advances in technology

50
Q

New economy

A

Shift from manufacturing economy to a technology driven economy

51
Q

Knowledge economy

A

Production of goods and services based on knowledge

52
Q

Function of a settlement

A

The reason why a settlement was first built
Describes all the main activities that occur in it

53
Q

Function of a settlement (starting)

A

When settlements first started to grow, most has only one distinct function and others developed as the settlement grew

54
Q

Function of a settlement (HIC)

A

Most large settlements in HICs are multifunctional and perform a range of functions such as retail, education, industry, recreational, government and entertainment

55
Q

Settlement hierarchies

A

Conurbation
City
Large town
Small town
Village
Hamlet
Isolated dwelling

(Upwards arrow) decrease in frequency, increase in size of settlement higher population and more services

56
Q

High order functions (found in larger settlements)

A

Banks, department stores, council offices and doctor surgeries

57
Q

Low order functions (found in all settlements)

A

Grocery stores, post boxes and pubs are classes lower order functions

58
Q

Demographic changes in the UK

A

White ethnicity decreasing (86% in 2011 <— 91.3% in 2001)
Rural areas have higher elderly population
Rise in youth unemployment and affluent areas because of less graduate employment

59
Q

Gentrification

A

Arrival of wealthier people in an existing urban district, a related increase in rents and property value, and changes in the districts character and culture
Often old run down inner city areas are attractive to the young upwardly mobile- these areas see huge increases in property prices

60
Q

Advantages of gentrification

A

More people move there
Variety of people
Provide better services/ facilities
Improve building quality
Can improve quality of environment (crime rate decrease?)
Change in area (people views/ attitudes change)

61
Q

Disadvantages of gentrification

A

Expensive housing
Push people out of area (local businesses, homes)- typically low income residents

62
Q

Studentification

A

An area that caters towards students. Higher education provision. Students often cluster in certain areas of larger towns and cities
Their absence during holidays may cause conflict with residents
Headingly, Leeds 2/3 of 10,000 residents are students

63
Q

Key players in London docklands

A

Government owners keen to purchase land
Architects
Construction companies
Investors

64
Q

History of London docklands

A

Closed in 1981
Living close to the docks were the workers and their family. They were poorly paid, housing was social housing rented from local councils
Over 12,000 jobs were lost
Nearby industries in east London’s Lea valley also closed as they needed the port to import raw materials + export finished products

65
Q

Problems arising from the London docklands closure

A

Over 12,000 jobs lost between 1978 and 1983
Over 60% of men were unemployed in East London in 1981
Abandoned docks and derelict wharves near Tower Bridge
Industries in East London’s Lea Valley also closed, needed to import raw materials and export finished products

66
Q

Who is the LDDC and what is their role in London docklands regeneration?

A

London Docklands Development Corporation
Initial grant of £17 million
Role was to change (develop) the London docklands/ encourage growth
Market led regeneration:
- promoted economic growth, improve infrastructure and housing
- as long as planning permission granted in 1991 companies could obtain tax breaks on new buildings. Designed to attract investors

67
Q

Improvements made to the London docklands

A

Improved infrastructure- was one bus route so changes to tube and rail stations, access to area
Housing- warehouses were transformed into flats, low cost housing, renovations of older council owned property
Leisure and amenities- large shopping centre created, parks created, the O2 arena

68
Q

Property prices (Canary Wharf, E14)

A

Canary Wharf average house prices
- £550,000
E14 average house prices
- £540,000

Semi detached is the most expensive

69
Q

London docklands regeneration strengths

A

Canary Wharf was built it brought: high rise office buildings which house international banks (over 100,000 employed in Canary Wharf)
Regeneration helped make London a major global financial centre
Transport improved
More housing built (warehouses transformed into flats

70
Q

London docklands regeneration weaknesses

A

Most of the improvements did not benefit the original residents
Many locals were unable to afford the new houses/ flats
Despite an increase in jobs most of them went to people living outside of the docklands
New residents did not mix well with the original residents which reduced their community spirit
More money was spent on improving infrastructure for workers rather than on services for residentd

71
Q

London docklands regeneration opportunities

A

As long as planning permissions was granted by 1991, companies could obtain tax breaks on new buildings. These tax incentives were designed to attract investors
New transport developments: extending Jubilee line, developing docklands light railway, building new roads, creating London airport which provides access to canary wharf

A Human Geography (4 decks)

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