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A Human Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define globalisation

A

Increased integration of economies around the world (movement of goods, services, and capital/money across borders).

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2
Q

Connections are deepening

A

More people’s lives connect with far away places

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3
Q

Connections are lengthening

A

New links between places that are greater distances apart

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4
Q

Connections are faster

A

Faster speed of connections with people able to talk one another in real time or travelling quickly between continents

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5
Q

Telephone/ telegraph contribute to shrinking world

A

3 week boat journey is now an instantaneous connection
Conduction for business was made easier and faster

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6
Q

Broadband + fibre optics contribute to shrinking world

A

Enormous flows of data are conveyed across the ocean floor
1 million kilometres of flexible underwater cables transfer the data

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7
Q

Internet contribute to shrinking world

A

Now connectivity between people and places has grown
1960s- way of linking important research computers (in a handful of locations)

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8
Q

GIS + GPS contribute to shrinking world

A

Growth of global production networks
Continuously broadcast position and time data to users throughout the world
24 situated 10,000km above the Earth

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9
Q

EasyJet

A

Helped create global networks by having cheap flights to numerous cities
Has 300 flight routes within the EU and several that extend to Egypt, Morocco, Turkey and Israel
Connected global cities there via there flight network

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10
Q

Costs of easyJet

A

More flights are happening so there is more pollution. If city added to flight network more people visit which could lead to a more tourist area

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11
Q

Benefits of easyJet

A

People get affordable travel
More people can travel

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12
Q

EasyJet technology

A

Online booking, GPS

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13
Q

Economic globalisation

A

Allows managers to keep in touch with those in different offices
Helped TNC’s expand into new territories (make or sell products)
When scan barcode an automatic adjustment is made

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14
Q

social globalisation

A

maintaining of long distance relationships through ICT use is a factor that supports migration

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15
Q

cultural globalisation

A

language or music has been adopted, imitated and hybridised faster that ever before

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16
Q

political globalisation

A

social networks are used to raise awareness about political issues and to fight for change on a global scale
gain new recruits
spread their message online

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17
Q

tariff

A

a tax imposed on imports

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18
Q

subsidy

A

financial assistance to a business by government to make it competitive or prevent collapse

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19
Q

quota

A

a limit on the quantity of a good of a country allows into the country

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20
Q

protectionism

A

policies to protect businesses and workers in a country by restricting/ regulating trade with foreign nations

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21
Q

free market economy

A

a market economy based on supply and demand with little or no government control

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22
Q

free trade

A

a policy where a government does not interfere with imports or exports by applying tariffs, subsidies or quotas

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23
Q

privatisation

A

transferring ownership of a public service/ agency/ property into private ownership run for profit

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24
Q

neoliberalism

A

a political philosophy of free markets, free trade, privatisation and increasing the role of business in society (while decreasing the influence of government)

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25
Q

how could global flows be viewed as threats

A

migrants can bring cultural change and religious diversity- not everyone welcomes this
information can provide citizens with knowledge that their governments find threatening
imports of raw materials and commodities can threaten a nations own industries

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26
Q

the international monetary fund (IMF)

A

channels loans from the richest nations to the poorest that apply for help
the government receiving loans must agree to run free market economies that are open to outside investment
TNCs can enter the country more easily, further promoting globalisation
also ensures country can afford to pay back the loan

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27
Q

the world bank

A

role is to finance the development of nations through loans
official goal is to reduction of poverty by promoting foreign investment and international trade
first loan was to France for post war reconstruction

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28
Q

world trade organisation (WTO)

A

an organisation that supervises international trade, promoting free trade and the ending of protectionism
2024 166 member states

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29
Q

trade liberalism

A

removing trade barriers

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30
Q

evaluation of IMF

A

rules and regulations can be controversial, the strict financial conditions imposed on borrowing governments who may be required to cut back on health care, education, sanitation and housing programmes

31
Q

evaluation of world bank

A

world bank distributed US$65 billion in loans and grants (2014)
also has strict conditions on loans and grants

32
Q

evaluation of WTO

A

failed to stop the worlds richest countries from subsidising their own food products
protectionism is harmful to farmers in developing countries who want to trade on a level playing field

33
Q

Problems of cancelling the developing world debt

A

Cancelling bad debt can cause the problem of moral hazard
Cancelling debts encourages people to create bad loans
To combat this the world bank tried to tie debt cancellation to structural changes in the Congo y
This world bank approach is highly controversial, the free market reforms advocate are not necessarily good for developing countries

34
Q

How does free trade increase globalisation

A

Governments take away barriers that make trade more difficult and costly -> as costs are reduced, TNCs will see a profit and want to invest in nations -> TNCs will bring new ideas, products, cultures to a nation -> the TNC will also generate wealth -> this wealth will develop and increase standard of life and demand for foreign products -> as an economy has more TNCs so they become interconnected and independent on each other

35
Q

Define Saps

A

Strict conditions imposed on countries receiving loans from the IMF and World Bank. Receiving governments may be required to make cuts to healthcare, education, sanitation and housing. This is to reduce the role of government in a country, and open it up to private investment. It also cuts government spending so they can repay loans.

36
Q

Pros of developing country receives loan

A

Have money to invest in infrastructure

37
Q

Pros of developing country receives debt relief

A

Cancel some of the debt so it is easier for the government to pay back.

38
Q

Pros of developing country must stop protectionism and adopt the free market

A

Encourage trade and investment into country- economic growth

39
Q

Pros of IMF restructures loans to make them more affordable (SAP)

A

Easier to pay back
Reduces debt

40
Q

Pros of developing country must privatise water services. A foreign TNC takes over and raises prices (SAP)

A

May invest in infrastructure

41
Q

Pros of developing country must cut back on education spending (SAP)

A

Government has more money available

42
Q

Pros of developing country must privatise its oil drilling facilities (SAP)

A

More profitable
More competitive

43
Q

Cons of developing country must privatise its oil drilling facilities (SAP)

A

Environmental damage
Less share of profit as it goes to other country

44
Q

Cons of developing country must cut back on education spending (SAP)

A

Poor quality of education so long term economic growth suffers

45
Q

Cons of developing country must privatise water services. A foreign TNC takes over and raises prices (SAP)

A

More expensive so people can not afford water

46
Q

Cons of IMF restructures loans to make them more affordable (SAP)

A

Reconstruction is conditional

47
Q

Cons of developing country must stop protectionism and adopt the free market

A

Small farmers can not compete with big TNCs so can go out of business

48
Q

Cons of developing country receiving debt relief

A

Debt relief is normally conditional (for goods, favour etc)

49
Q

Cons of developing country receiving a loan

A

Have to pay it back so they are further in debt

50
Q

Uk used subsidies

A

Some industries were left to close if their profitability depended on government subsidies and the government refused to artificially support industries facing competition

51
Q

Uk used tax breaks

A

Conservative government gave tax breaks to companies investing in areas like London docklands. Most companies since late 1990s got life long tax breaks which encourages a number of large overseas financial institutions to relocate to London

52
Q

Uk used FDI

A

Gave grants and subsidies to encourage foreign companies to locate to the uk. Companies subsidised in order to attract investment from their parent companies

53
Q

China used ‘open door policy’

A

Chinese government declared an ‘open door policy’ to international business in 1978. It needed western technology and investment to develop its economy- now it welcomes foreign businesses to set up there

54
Q

China used ‘zones’ for trade

A

These zones offered tax incentives and huge pools of cheap labour resulting in chinas economy to grow rapidly and it became a member of the World Trade Organisation

55
Q

Special Economic Zones

A

Set up by National Governments to offer financial or tax incentives to attract FDI

56
Q

Why do trade blocs exist?

A

For trading purposes, they bring economic strength and security to nations

57
Q

What do trade blocs encourage? And why?

A

Free trade is encouraged by the removal of internal tariffs and can also protects members by establishing a common external tariff for foreign imports

58
Q

Benefits of removing internal tariffs

A

Markets to grow- in 2004 ten new nations joined the EU and Tesco gained access to 75 million extra customers
Firms that have a comparative advantages should prosper
Enlarged market increases demand raising the volume of production and lowering manufacturing costs = economies of scale means products can be sold cheaper and sales rise even further
Smaller national firms within a trade bloc can merge to form TNC’s therefore making their operations more cost effective
In the EU, members are eligible for EU structural funds to help develop their economies

59
Q

Types of trade blocs

A

Preferential trade area
Free trade area
Customs union
Common market
Economic union
Full integration

60
Q

EU facts

A

Helps cities gain a global reputation by awarding prestigious titles
Has own currency
Member states are eligible for EU structural funds to help develop their economies under Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
EU is only group of nations that grants all citizens of member states freedom of movement

61
Q

ASEAN meaning

A

Association of South East Asia Nations

62
Q

Define connected

A

Global networks creating flows (trade, money, workers, information) being in a network and being as close to a hub as possible

63
Q

Define detached

A

Being largely excluded from global networks and flows and having little contact with hubs

64
Q

How is KOF grouped (group names)

A

Economic globalisation
Social globalisation
Political globalisation

65
Q

How often is the KOF score calculated?

A

The KOF score is calculated annually

66
Q

How are KOF grouped?

A

Each set of different indicators in each group is scaled because some are more significant than others. The index shows that 13 out of the top 15 are European which contrasts with GDP.

67
Q

What does KOF measure

A

International interactions

68
Q

AT Kearney Index indicators

A

Calculate index from:
Political engagement
Technological connectivity
Personal contact
Economic integration

69
Q

How is AT Kearney index different to KOF

A

Uses more holistic indicators

70
Q

How is AT Kearney index ranked

A

Overall ranking is worked out using complex points and weighting system
It also includes countries that are players on the political stage

71
Q

North Korea

A

North Korea is a hereditary autocracy ruled by Kim Jong-Un.
It’s run as a one-party system with a command economy organised on the communist system.
Since 1955 it has followed the policy of Junche ‘self-sufficiency’, minimising trade with other countries.
Emigration and foreign tourism by ordinary North Koreans is prohibited.
Ordinary North Koreans have no access to internet or social media. There are no undersea data cable connections.
This is because there is a personality cult where all successes are attributed to the wide leadership of Kim, and the internet and foreign travel would not maintain this.
NK had GNI per capita (PPP) US$ 4,600 in 2014 & medium human development (no official UN HDI figure).
However, it does trade with China, and set up the Kaesong Special Economic Zone, employing 52,000 people on the border with South Korea.

72
Q

Sahel region location

A

area of west Africa just south of the Sahara Desert, e.g. Chad, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso..

73
Q

Economic reasons for being detached

A

poor infrastructure and low literacy levels of the working age population make it unattractive for offshoring FDI
low income levels mean it lacks market size to attract retail outlet FDI. Few households other than elite can afford to purchase imported goods or engage in foreign tourism.
Rural parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, especially the Sahel, are dominated by a subsistence farming economy with food produced to eat, not sell. These places are also poor, and their capacity to create connections is limited.

A Human Geography (4 decks)

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