Regenerating places

Question 1

Types of regeneration and examples:

Answer 1

.Sport-led regeneration (Olympics in East London)
.Tourism-led regeneration (Cornwall)
.Culture regeneration (Liverpool)
.Retail-led regeneration

Question 2

Define gentrification:

Answer 2

Change in social status, working-class areas of the city becoming occupied and renewed by middle classes, changing land from low to high value

Question 3

What percent of adults are educated to degree level in Newham compared to Richmond?

Answer 3

Newham: 26%
Richmond: 64%

Question 4

Changes to London’s East End:

Answer 4

Economic growth -

High rise buildings introduced to stimulate quaternary employment, Canary Wharf is now London’s second central business district (CBD)

Every day, 10,000 commuters travel there for work, includes investment banks like HSBC and Barclays

Infrastructure -

Extending the Jubilee line on the London Underground
Developing the Docklands Light Railway (DLR)
Building new roads such as Limehouse Road link, increasing connectedness to City of London

Improvement to services -

30 million spent on educational grants and percentage of children with 5 or more GCSEs is increasing

Population and housing -

Many older people have moved out and they have been replaced by younger generation, median age of Newham is 31, UK one is 40

Gentrification leading to riverside property by the old warehouses to be converted to desirable and very expensive property

Question 5

Environmental benefit of regeneration to East London:

Answer 5

Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park has cleaned up areas of land that were derelict, with new wetlands and breeding boxes to increase wild biodiversity

Question 6

What areas have been left deprived from East London?

Answer 6

Newham
Tower Hamlets
Hackney

Question 7

What was the life expectancy in Tower Hamlets in 2012?

Answer 7

77 (lowest in London)

Question 8

Negatives of regeneration on housing

Answer 8

The cost of living in Hackney has risen by 69%, the rate of illegal evictions doubled from 2011 to 2012

Only 1,200 homes from the Olympic Village were turned into affordable housing, the proposal was 3,000

Question 9

Negatives of regeneration in employment for Newham

Answer 9

In 2012 27% of Newham’s working population earned less than £7 per hour, highest percentage of any London borough

Question 10

How has culture been effective for regeneration in Liverpool?

Answer 10

Liverpool has a rich history in music and has 2 historic premier league football clubs.

After being voted European capital of culture in 2008 it received major investment, over 15 million visitors were attracted for cultural events.

Regenerated the Albert Dock which now attracts 4 million people a year

Question 11

Key players in Rural regeneration (Cornwall):

Answer 11

1)The EU:
Funding has been granted for projects since 1999 (e.g. Superfast broadband)

2)UK central government agencies:
Most investment given out directly by the central government

3)Local government:
Cornwall has had no start up funding for new businesses since 2010
However it does offer repayments on business taxes as part of it Enterprise Zone in Newquay

4)Environmental stakeholders:
Cornwall’s biggest asses is its scenery and environment, hence large areas of land owned by environmental stakeholders.
Potential for renewable strategies like wind and wave power (e.g. wave hub)

5)Stakeholders in people:
Education, e.g. Combined Universities in Cornwall

Question 12

Superfast Broadband (2011-16)

Answer 12

By 2016, over 95% of Cornwall had access to fibre broadband, now has the world’s largest rural fibre network.

Cost £132 million but over £50 million was funded by EU regional development agency, the rest was funded by BT

Encouraging business and those who work at home to carry out operations in Cornwall, has created around 2000 jobs and generated £200 million a year

Question 13

Wave Hub (2010-present)

Answer 13

Wave power hub placed off Cornwall’s north coast and generates electricity which is transported to the mainland

Cost $42 million to build but over 25 years it will generate £76 million and 170 jobs, as well as securing clean energy for the people, capacity of 20 MW (equivalent to 6-8 wind turbines)

Issues include noise and disturbance to locals that are near the cables, accidental pollution occurred when setting up wave hubs

Question 14

Eden Project (2001-present)

Answer 14

Out of the £140 million worth of of costs, £50 million was funded by EU regional development agency

In first 10 years:

.Generated over £1.1 billion to Cornish economy
.Provided 650 direct jobs and 3000 related jobs (e.g supplying food)
.Encouraged wider investment to help regenerate St Austell Town Centre
.Developed Cornish tourism as a year round sector, e.g. people could visit when the weather is not good enough to visit Cornish beaches

Question 15

Combined Universities in Cornwall (2005-present)

Answer 15

As well as offering an increased range of university courses, CUC also helps graduates to set up their own businesses, or secure jobs in knowledge based companies in Cornwall

Reduces Cornish brain drain and benefits businesses that students would buy products from, e.g. in Falmouth the presence of students has provided a thriving economy to bars and restaurants

Question 16

Cornwall housing crisis

Answer 16

2014 report showed that it needed 27 000 new homes that year to meet extra demand, but only built 16 000, resulted in houses becoming more expensive in relation to earnings

Question 17

Role of central government:
(HS2)

Answer 17

Too expensive for private companies to do sit’s done by central government (estimated cost in 2015 was £50 billion)

Expense viewed as an investment as government will gain:

-Franchising fees from train companies to run services
-Economic multiplier, improved transport links generating higher company profits, and jobs, from which government will receive taxation revenue

Question 18

Role of central government:
(Fracking)

Answer 18

Recently the UK government has the power to make decisions regarding the use of fracking to extract natural gas, reducing energy insecurity

However sites with resources underground are often in protected regions such as national parks
In 2015 MPs voted to allow fracking companies to drill underneath these protected areas from the boundaries

Protests broke out as the locals opposed this governmental decision

Question 19

Government policies -
What are science parks?

Answer 19

These are clusters of offices and laboratories focused on quaternary industries.

Grouping together high-tech companies, entrepreneurs and start-ups who collaborate and make use of expertise around local universities

Example of Science Park is Liverpool Science Park in a knowledge quarter that works closely with universities in Liverpool

Question 20

Government policies:
Deregulation in London

Answer 20

In 1986: Opened up freedom for individuals to invest instead of London Stock Exchange having control over share dealings

In 1986: Barriers stopping overseas banks from setting up offices in London were removed, 30% of national GDP now come from finance and business sector, compared to 15.5% in 1986

In 1990s: UK joined European single market, allowing free movement of labour, increased number of workers moving to UK to balance the ageing population and increase taxation revenue