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Regenerating Places Flashcards

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1
Q

Inequality within the UK facts:

A
  • In 2014, the richest 1% of the population received 13% of all income and accumulated as much wealth as the poorest 55% of the population put together
  • The top 10% of employees earned over £53,000 annually
  • The bottom 10% of earners, earn weekly wages under £288
  • Over 2% of the labour force are on zero hour or casual contracts
  • Many people in this group lack savings and are forced into debt
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2
Q

Birmingham vs Swansea vs National Average by output data

A

Manufacturing Average:
National - 9.10%
Birmingham - 11.58%
Swansea - 10.03%

Professional, scientific and technical activities:
National - 6.3%
Birmingham - 4.75%
Swansea- 3.70%

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3
Q

How does health affect deprivation?

A
  • Those working long hours in sectors like building and agriculture or exposed to harmful chemicals have a raised risk of poor health
  • Variations in income can affect quality of people’s housing and diets
  • 43% of deaths were considered to be premature, especially amongst deprived communities
  • Highest prevalence of cardiovascular diseases is in Scotland
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4
Q

How is education affected by deprivation?

A
  • Examination success is strongly linked to income levels
  • Disadvantaged children may feel reluctant to carry onto higher education
  • Working class white children in poverty have lower educational achievement and are more likely to continue to underachieve
  • In 2013, 31% of this group achieved 5 or more GCSEs A* to C
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5
Q

Why is median pay highest in London?

A
  • Permanent jobs
  • Highly skilled work force
  • Large quaternary sector
  • Highly developed infrastructure brings FDI
  • Many graduates move into the area
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6
Q

Why is median pay lowest in the South/North West?

A
  • Inability to recover from deindustrialisation
  • Brain drain, where graduated from these areas move to London and other major cities
  • Employment often temporary/seasonal
  • Larger secondary sector
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7
Q

How has post-industrial economic transition played out in the UK?

A

It has not been even across the UK, causing inequality in pay and type of work. Unemployment has had a clear impact on health, life expectancy and education

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8
Q

How is life expectancy affected by inequality?

A
  • Gender income, occupation and education are key factors together with lifestyle choices.
  • Life expectancy in Glasgow for me is 72.6 but 82.9 in East Dorset
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9
Q

What are the impacts of studentification?

A
  • High crime rate
  • Anti social behaviour
  • Skilled workforce after graduation
  • Extra income through clubbing, pubs, etc
  • Can displace families
  • Long term upskilling of workforce
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10
Q

Studentification in Swansea:

A
  • Around 2000 HMOs in Brynmil
  • Brynmill homes to majority of 20,000 students at Swansea University
  • In Brynmill, Feb 2020, there was 61 reports of antisocial behaviour and 27 cases of robbery
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11
Q

Studentification in Birmingham:

A
  • 71 cases of robbery reported in Selly Oak in October 2019

- Majority of 28,000 students who attend Birmingham University live in Selly Oak and surrounding areas

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12
Q

Impacts of gentrification:

A
  • Attracts young professionals
  • Makes area more attractive, encouraging investment
  • Attracts affluent residents
  • Local government doesn’t need to get involved
  • Displaces people due to increased house prices
  • Leads to social stratification
  • Services adjust, no longer meeting needs/wants of traditional community
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13
Q

Gentrification in Birmingham:

A

-In 2017, prices in Ladywood were up 17% in a year
-As of 2017, there were 199,390 young professionals in Birmingham
-86.4% of homes in Ladywood are privately rented
In 2016, Ladywood was the worst area for child poverty

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14
Q

Gentrification in Swansea:

A
  • 2008 plans to develop waterfront to attract new people (conference centres, hotels, bars)
  • 82.4% homes in Uplands are privately rented
  • Relatively insignificant compared to Birmingham
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15
Q

Impacts of multiculturalism:

A
  • Skilled workers willing to work
  • Ethnic diversity creates tolerance and acceptance
  • Cultural exchange
  • Tension between ethnic groups
  • Strain on services like schools and GP surgeries
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16
Q

Multiculturalism in Birmingham:

A
  • 42% of Birmingham’s population are from ethnic groups other than white
  • 1/5 of Birmingham’s population are from overseas
  • 16% in Birmingham don’t have English as their first language
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17
Q

Multiculturalism in Swansea:

A
  • Only 6% of population from non-white ethnic groups
  • Largest non-white ethnic group is Chinese
  • Survey showed that 0% of participants thought there was no major tension between communities
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18
Q

What are the four main reasons for change?

A
  • Physical factors
  • Accessibility and connectedness
  • Historical development
  • Local and national planning
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19
Q

What physical factors can create change?

A
  • Eco friendly buildings to help mitigate against climate change
  • Coastal erosion, where 250m of land has been lost in Norfolk
  • Climate change creates unpredictable weather, leading to more flooding so towns need to invest in flood defences (Tewksbury 2007)
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20
Q

Accessibility and connectedness as a reason for change:

A
  • Improved rail and motorway links
  • Allow rural areas to be accessible
  • More FDI
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21
Q

Historical development as a reason for change:

A
  • Layout of cities make it difficult for historical areas to expand
  • Historical buildings have to stay protected and are needed for tourism
22
Q

Local and national planning as a reason for change:

A
  • Lack of housing (National Infrastructure Plan)

- Increase transport (HS2, Heathrow Terminal 5)

23
Q

What is the functional change in Swansea?

A
  • Initially set out as a tourist town due to large seafront
  • Emerged as a site of copper industry employing 3000 people during 1800s
  • Secondary industry become dominated with Tin plating also being manufactured
  • Industries obliterated during WWII due to extensive bombing
  • National picture of deindustrialisation alongside this lead to demise of secondary industry and tertiary industry began to prosper
  • 38% of population employed in public administration, education and health
  • Did not recover as well as Birmingham
24
Q

What is the functional change in Birmingham?

A
  • Birmingham heavily associated with secondary industry
  • Manufacturing of automobiles for MG Rover and jewellery
  • Deindustrialisation lead to large % of population becoming unemployed
  • Jewellery industry able to withstand global picture with 1/3 of jewellery production still occurring within one mile of the city centre
  • Emergence of tertiary sector, with retail becoming most significant
  • Bull Ring and Grand Central attracts 36.5million visitors a year
  • University of Birmingham ranks 10th in World for research
25
Q

Regional Influences in Birmingham:

A
  • Well connected to its region through four motorways
  • M5, M6, M40, M42
  • Developed its own influence to the extent that is is now the financial hub of the West Midlands
  • Largest metropolitan area in region by some way
26
Q

Regional influences in Swansea:

A
  • Influential regionally by drawing people in for music and arts festivals hosted the the Bragwyn hall
  • Home to Meridian Quay, the tallest building in Wales at 107m
  • Influence of Swansea, is not that of Birmingham due to pivotal role Cardiff plays in the South Wales region
  • Port Talbot waterfront is a key enterprise zone. Here they want to improve housing availability and broadband
27
Q

National influences in Birmingham:

A

-Influential through national tourism
-Development of bullring in 2003 and expansion of grand central, makes it the largest shopping establishment in the UK
-Brings 38million visitors each year
-Attracts large amounts of investment
-Mayor able to promote Birmingham’s
role regionally and nationally
(Mohammed Azim)
-HS2 will connect Birmingham to both London and North thereby connecting it to the Norther Powerhouse

28
Q

National influences in Swansea:

A
  • Home to beaches like Oxwich bay and Llangennith being popular resorts with British tourists
  • Brings in £417million a year
  • Demonstrates significance of Swansea and South Wales region to the UK
  • Home to the DVLA
  • Port Talbot Parkway station is a key multi million pound project which will improve accessibility
29
Q

Northern Powerhouse:

A
  • Receives 175,000 business visitors
  • 65,000 businesses were set up
  • GDP of £350billion
  • 15million consumers
  • 9 international airports
  • 60billion goods exported annually
  • Government has spent £13billion on transport
  • £150billion on health
  • £45billion on schools
30
Q

What is the Heathrow Airport Expansion?

A
  • In 2015 the Airports Commission gave a recommendation for expansion, including a third runway.
  • Cost estimated £18.6billion
  • Some anti expansion groups include Greenpeace, Campaign to Protect Rural and London’s MP/Mayor
  • Some pro expansion groups include British Cambers of Commerce, Richard Branson, business leaders
  • Heathrow argues it is needed to keep up with demand and could generate £100billion of benefits nationally, protect 114,000 current jobs and creates 70,000 new jobs
31
Q

What is HS2?

A
  • High speed rail infrastructure being built to connect the North of the UK better to the South
  • Current costs are £55.6 billion, around £23 billion over the original estimate
  • 9000 jobs supported
  • 50 minutes journey between London and Manchester
  • Ruin natural land
  • Less CO2 emissions
32
Q

What is the role of national governments in housing and fracking?

A 
Housing:
-Help to Buy
-Shared Ownership
Fracking:
-Loosening regulations
33
Q

What is Help to Buy?

A 
Eligibility:
Home you buy must be...
-New Build
-Purchase price up to £600,000
-Be the only one you own
-Must not be rented out
-Be one you can't afford
How it Works:
-5% deposit
-Government lends up to 20%
-Mortgage for last 75%
-Have to pay equity loan fees, but not for first 5 years
-In sixth year, charged 1.75% of loan's value
-Fee increases every year
-Fees don't count towards paying back the loan
34
Q

What is Shared Ownership?

A

-You buy a share of your home and pay rent on the rest
Eligibility:
-Household earns £80,000 a year or less
-You’re a first time buyer, you used to own a house but can’t afford one now or you’re an existing shared owner
How it works:
-You can buy more of your home after you become the owner
-Cost of new share will depend on how much your home is worth when you want to buy the share
-If you own a share of your home, the housing association has a right to buy it off you first when you sell

34
Q

Fracking:

A
  • By 2020, the UK will be forced to import 70% of its gas
  • Government regulations are being loosened to make it easier for local councils to approve fracking
  • British geological survey estimates 37millionm(3) of shale gas in North England alone
  • £300billion of oil and gas discovered near Gatwick airport in 2015
  • Will improve energy security and may be enough for the UK to once again become a net exporter of energy
34
Q

How have the UK government made decisions on international migration and the deregulation of capital markets?

A
  • International deregulation

- Migration Policy

34
Q

What is the international deregulation of markets in the UK?

A
  • Deregulation of capital markets in 1970s has made it easier for companies to locate to the UK and for foreign companies to invest in the UK’s infrastructure
  • UK’s common law legal system also encourage companies to trade in London
  • City of London has layers, accountants and consultants of every description, creating an overall industry worth £95billion
  • Common law means cases are decided on previous judicial outcomes
34
Q

What is the migration policy in the UK?

A
  • In 2004, 8 eastern European countries joined EU, allowing people to migrate to the UK
  • 1.2million poles settled in the UK, giving birth to 21,000 children in 2012 alone
34
Q

High Wage Migration:

A

Russian Oligarchs

  • £7billion goes into UK economy each year
  • 100,000 Russians call London home
  • Came to UK in 1990s after fall of USSR
  • 20% houses worth over £5million brought by Russians
  • Account for 2% of super-prime ‘core’ capital
34
Q

Low Wage Migration:

A
  • In Poland unemployment was 18.2%
  • Polish migrants contribute £25million to the UK economy each year
  • Able to fill skill shortages in the UK, such as in farming
  • Receive 34% more in taxes than they do in rewards
  • 130,000 extra school places needed
34
Q

How can local government promote regeneration?

A
  • Science parks
  • Sports led
  • Retail led
  • Rural regeneration
35
Q

Cambridge Science Park:

A
  • Contains Astra Zeneca, Toshiba and Microsoft
  • Many start ups also originate here
  • £500million made and reinvested into wider area
36
Q

Cabot Circus:

A
  • Built in 2008
  • Cribbs Causeway (1998) was driving affluent people away from city centre to shop
  • Cabot Circus’ role was to attract customers back
  • 2500 parking spaces and is easy to access via public transport
  • More than £112million of inward investment attracted to area is from the shopping centre
37
Q

London Olympics (Sports-led):

A
  • Cost £10billion
  • 380 companies employing 11,000 were moved
  • 1000 new affordable houses built as well as 9000 homes around the park
  • 300 events and 11,000 athletes
  • Construction and hosting jobs created
  • 450 housing association flats torn down to make way for the site
  • Anne Power from London School of Economics stated that the affordable rents for the new homes will be unaffordable to Newham’s poorest households
  • There are still high levels of unemployment in the borough and it was a missed opportunity to train people up to work
  • In some London boroughs unemployment actually went up
  • Olympic venues sold off
  • Brought £9bn investment into London, much of which went into transport
  • Generate £10bn in extra income for the UK economy
  • New school opened
38
Q

Rural led regeneration- Powys

A
  • Powys suffers from a skill shortage. Lack of university places and qualifications together with a long-standing emphasis on agriculture and tourism means many jobs are part of low wage economy
  • EU structural funds have been used to encourage competitive businesses to grow
  • Other successful scheme include establishing Transition Towns, where locally based loyalty cards and local currency encourages local spending, supporting local goods and services
  • Powys council estimates that the area has close to 26,000 volunteers and that their work has amounted to £173.6million to the local economy
  • Investment into broadband will discourage outward migration and hopefully encourage small business formation to diversify the economy
  • Green investment bank is investing £1billion of finance, available for research and development into green energy
39
Q

‘Bronte County’ - Case study

A
  • Tourism adds £500million to the Bradford region
  • 8.6million day trips a year
  • Supports 13,500 jobs in retail and tourism
  • Historical town many visit to experience the inspirations of the Bronte sisters’ books
  • Kept the area very traditional and have opened up Bronte’s parsonage
  • Pennine Bridleway and other outdoor activities such as horse riding and mountain biking on offer
  • East Yorkshire, East Lancashire Pennines
40
Q

How can the success of regeneration be measured?

A
  • Income deprivation measures the proportion of people experiencing deprivation linked to low income
  • Employment deprivation measures the percentage of working age people who want to work but cannot (sickness, care responsibilities, unemployment)
  • Educational skills and training
  • Crime
  • Health deprivation
  • Living environment deprivation
  • Barriers to housing
41
Q

What is regeneration designed to do?

A

Improve an area and tackle inequalities

42
Q

Is the regeneration of Haworth successful + evidence?

A

Overall it is successful, however there will always be downfalls.

  • 35.2% of people own accommodation outright
  • Only 18.8% of people aged 16 and over with no qualification, compared the 25% in 2001
  • Only 8.8% have their daily activities limited, compared to 15% in 2001
  • 40.6% in full time employment
43
Q

Global influences in Birmingham:

A
  • Airport served 12.9million customers in 2017, making it the 7th busiest airport in the Uk
  • 35 airlines operate in the airport
  • 1/5 of the population from overseas
  • Set to host the 2022 Commonwealth games with 72 countries
44
Q

Belfast Rebranding:

A
  • Opened Titanic Quarter in 2009
  • Multipurpose venue, 7500 townhouses and apartments housing 30,000 people
  • 20,000 long term jobs (IT, finance, education, hotels, bars, restaurants)
  • £7billion investment
  • Attracted 800,000 visitors in first year of opening
  • Titanic Belfast Visitor Attraction £97million
  • In March 2006, government gave go ahead for a £300million regeneration of a run down part of Belfast city centre in the Cathedral quarter which could create up to 2000 jobs
  • Shopping centres/bars/restaurants
45
Q

Was Belfast rebranding successful and why?

A

Very successful!
Full time employment: 54% (2001) to 61% in 2011
Good health: 75% (2001) to 80% in 2011
People aged 16 and over with 5 GCSEs: 28% to 55% in 2011
However people aged 16 and over with no formal qualifications did increase from 25% to 30%

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