Regenerating Places Flashcards
Inequality within the UK facts:
- In 2014, the richest 1% of the population received 13% of all income and accumulated as much wealth as the poorest 55% of the population put together
- The top 10% of employees earned over £53,000 annually
- The bottom 10% of earners, earn weekly wages under £288
- Over 2% of the labour force are on zero hour or casual contracts
- Many people in this group lack savings and are forced into debt
Birmingham vs Swansea vs National Average by output data
Manufacturing Average:
National - 9.10%
Birmingham - 11.58%
Swansea - 10.03%
Professional, scientific and technical activities:
National - 6.3%
Birmingham - 4.75%
Swansea- 3.70%
How does health affect deprivation?
- Those working long hours in sectors like building and agriculture or exposed to harmful chemicals have a raised risk of poor health
- Variations in income can affect quality of people’s housing and diets
- 43% of deaths were considered to be premature, especially amongst deprived communities
- Highest prevalence of cardiovascular diseases is in Scotland
How is education affected by deprivation?
- Examination success is strongly linked to income levels
- Disadvantaged children may feel reluctant to carry onto higher education
- Working class white children in poverty have lower educational achievement and are more likely to continue to underachieve
- In 2013, 31% of this group achieved 5 or more GCSEs A* to C
Why is median pay highest in London?
- Permanent jobs
- Highly skilled work force
- Large quaternary sector
- Highly developed infrastructure brings FDI
- Many graduates move into the area
Why is median pay lowest in the South/North West?
- Inability to recover from deindustrialisation
- Brain drain, where graduated from these areas move to London and other major cities
- Employment often temporary/seasonal
- Larger secondary sector
How has post-industrial economic transition played out in the UK?
It has not been even across the UK, causing inequality in pay and type of work. Unemployment has had a clear impact on health, life expectancy and education
How is life expectancy affected by inequality?
- Gender income, occupation and education are key factors together with lifestyle choices.
- Life expectancy in Glasgow for me is 72.6 but 82.9 in East Dorset
What are the impacts of studentification?
- High crime rate
- Anti social behaviour
- Skilled workforce after graduation
- Extra income through clubbing, pubs, etc
- Can displace families
- Long term upskilling of workforce
Studentification in Swansea:
- Around 2000 HMOs in Brynmil
- Brynmill homes to majority of 20,000 students at Swansea University
- In Brynmill, Feb 2020, there was 61 reports of antisocial behaviour and 27 cases of robbery
Studentification in Birmingham:
- 71 cases of robbery reported in Selly Oak in October 2019
- Majority of 28,000 students who attend Birmingham University live in Selly Oak and surrounding areas
Impacts of gentrification:
- Attracts young professionals
- Makes area more attractive, encouraging investment
- Attracts affluent residents
- Local government doesn’t need to get involved
- Displaces people due to increased house prices
- Leads to social stratification
- Services adjust, no longer meeting needs/wants of traditional community
Gentrification in Birmingham:
-In 2017, prices in Ladywood were up 17% in a year
-As of 2017, there were 199,390 young professionals in Birmingham
-86.4% of homes in Ladywood are privately rented
In 2016, Ladywood was the worst area for child poverty
Gentrification in Swansea:
- 2008 plans to develop waterfront to attract new people (conference centres, hotels, bars)
- 82.4% homes in Uplands are privately rented
- Relatively insignificant compared to Birmingham
Impacts of multiculturalism:
- Skilled workers willing to work
- Ethnic diversity creates tolerance and acceptance
- Cultural exchange
- Tension between ethnic groups
- Strain on services like schools and GP surgeries
Multiculturalism in Birmingham:
- 42% of Birmingham’s population are from ethnic groups other than white
- 1/5 of Birmingham’s population are from overseas
- 16% in Birmingham don’t have English as their first language
Multiculturalism in Swansea:
- Only 6% of population from non-white ethnic groups
- Largest non-white ethnic group is Chinese
- Survey showed that 0% of participants thought there was no major tension between communities
What are the four main reasons for change?
- Physical factors
- Accessibility and connectedness
- Historical development
- Local and national planning
What physical factors can create change?
- Eco friendly buildings to help mitigate against climate change
- Coastal erosion, where 250m of land has been lost in Norfolk
- Climate change creates unpredictable weather, leading to more flooding so towns need to invest in flood defences (Tewksbury 2007)
Accessibility and connectedness as a reason for change:
- Improved rail and motorway links
- Allow rural areas to be accessible
- More FDI
Historical development as a reason for change:
- Layout of cities make it difficult for historical areas to expand
- Historical buildings have to stay protected and are needed for tourism
Local and national planning as a reason for change:
- Lack of housing (National Infrastructure Plan)
- Increase transport (HS2, Heathrow Terminal 5)
What is the functional change in Swansea?
- Initially set out as a tourist town due to large seafront
- Emerged as a site of copper industry employing 3000 people during 1800s
- Secondary industry become dominated with Tin plating also being manufactured
- Industries obliterated during WWII due to extensive bombing
- National picture of deindustrialisation alongside this lead to demise of secondary industry and tertiary industry began to prosper
- 38% of population employed in public administration, education and health
- Did not recover as well as Birmingham
What is the functional change in Birmingham?
- Birmingham heavily associated with secondary industry
- Manufacturing of automobiles for MG Rover and jewellery
- Deindustrialisation lead to large % of population becoming unemployed
- Jewellery industry able to withstand global picture with 1/3 of jewellery production still occurring within one mile of the city centre
- Emergence of tertiary sector, with retail becoming most significant
- Bull Ring and Grand Central attracts 36.5million visitors a year
- University of Birmingham ranks 10th in World for research
Regional Influences in Birmingham:
- Well connected to its region through four motorways
- M5, M6, M40, M42
- Developed its own influence to the extent that is is now the financial hub of the West Midlands
- Largest metropolitan area in region by some way
Regional influences in Swansea:
- Influential regionally by drawing people in for music and arts festivals hosted the the Bragwyn hall
- Home to Meridian Quay, the tallest building in Wales at 107m
- Influence of Swansea, is not that of Birmingham due to pivotal role Cardiff plays in the South Wales region
- Port Talbot waterfront is a key enterprise zone. Here they want to improve housing availability and broadband
National influences in Birmingham:
-Influential through national tourism
-Development of bullring in 2003 and expansion of grand central, makes it the largest shopping establishment in the UK
-Brings 38million visitors each year
-Attracts large amounts of investment
-Mayor able to promote Birmingham’s
role regionally and nationally
(Mohammed Azim)
-HS2 will connect Birmingham to both London and North thereby connecting it to the Norther Powerhouse
National influences in Swansea:
- Home to beaches like Oxwich bay and Llangennith being popular resorts with British tourists
- Brings in £417million a year
- Demonstrates significance of Swansea and South Wales region to the UK
- Home to the DVLA
- Port Talbot Parkway station is a key multi million pound project which will improve accessibility
Northern Powerhouse:
- Receives 175,000 business visitors
- 65,000 businesses were set up
- GDP of £350billion
- 15million consumers
- 9 international airports
- 60billion goods exported annually
- Government has spent £13billion on transport
- £150billion on health
- £45billion on schools
What is the Heathrow Airport Expansion?
- In 2015 the Airports Commission gave a recommendation for expansion, including a third runway.
- Cost estimated £18.6billion
- Some anti expansion groups include Greenpeace, Campaign to Protect Rural and London’s MP/Mayor
- Some pro expansion groups include British Cambers of Commerce, Richard Branson, business leaders
- Heathrow argues it is needed to keep up with demand and could generate £100billion of benefits nationally, protect 114,000 current jobs and creates 70,000 new jobs
What is HS2?
- High speed rail infrastructure being built to connect the North of the UK better to the South
- Current costs are £55.6 billion, around £23 billion over the original estimate
- 9000 jobs supported
- 50 minutes journey between London and Manchester
- Ruin natural land
- Less CO2 emissions
What is the role of national governments in housing and fracking?
Housing: -Help to Buy -Shared Ownership Fracking: -Loosening regulations
What is Help to Buy?
Eligibility: Home you buy must be... -New Build -Purchase price up to £600,000 -Be the only one you own -Must not be rented out -Be one you can't afford How it Works: -5% deposit -Government lends up to 20% -Mortgage for last 75% -Have to pay equity loan fees, but not for first 5 years -In sixth year, charged 1.75% of loan's value -Fee increases every year -Fees don't count towards paying back the loan
What is Shared Ownership?
-You buy a share of your home and pay rent on the rest
Eligibility:
-Household earns £80,000 a year or less
-You’re a first time buyer, you used to own a house but can’t afford one now or you’re an existing shared owner
How it works:
-You can buy more of your home after you become the owner
-Cost of new share will depend on how much your home is worth when you want to buy the share
-If you own a share of your home, the housing association has a right to buy it off you first when you sell
Fracking:
- By 2020, the UK will be forced to import 70% of its gas
- Government regulations are being loosened to make it easier for local councils to approve fracking
- British geological survey estimates 37millionm(3) of shale gas in North England alone
- £300billion of oil and gas discovered near Gatwick airport in 2015
- Will improve energy security and may be enough for the UK to once again become a net exporter of energy
How have the UK government made decisions on international migration and the deregulation of capital markets?
- International deregulation
- Migration Policy
What is the international deregulation of markets in the UK?
- Deregulation of capital markets in 1970s has made it easier for companies to locate to the UK and for foreign companies to invest in the UK’s infrastructure
- UK’s common law legal system also encourage companies to trade in London
- City of London has layers, accountants and consultants of every description, creating an overall industry worth £95billion
- Common law means cases are decided on previous judicial outcomes
What is the migration policy in the UK?
- In 2004, 8 eastern European countries joined EU, allowing people to migrate to the UK
- 1.2million poles settled in the UK, giving birth to 21,000 children in 2012 alone
High Wage Migration:
Russian Oligarchs
- £7billion goes into UK economy each year
- 100,000 Russians call London home
- Came to UK in 1990s after fall of USSR
- 20% houses worth over £5million brought by Russians
- Account for 2% of super-prime ‘core’ capital
Low Wage Migration:
- In Poland unemployment was 18.2%
- Polish migrants contribute £25million to the UK economy each year
- Able to fill skill shortages in the UK, such as in farming
- Receive 34% more in taxes than they do in rewards
- 130,000 extra school places needed
How can local government promote regeneration?
- Science parks
- Sports led
- Retail led
- Rural regeneration
Cambridge Science Park:
- Contains Astra Zeneca, Toshiba and Microsoft
- Many start ups also originate here
- £500million made and reinvested into wider area
Cabot Circus:
- Built in 2008
- Cribbs Causeway (1998) was driving affluent people away from city centre to shop
- Cabot Circus’ role was to attract customers back
- 2500 parking spaces and is easy to access via public transport
- More than £112million of inward investment attracted to area is from the shopping centre
London Olympics (Sports-led):
- Cost £10billion
- 380 companies employing 11,000 were moved
- 1000 new affordable houses built as well as 9000 homes around the park
- 300 events and 11,000 athletes
- Construction and hosting jobs created
- 450 housing association flats torn down to make way for the site
- Anne Power from London School of Economics stated that the affordable rents for the new homes will be unaffordable to Newham’s poorest households
- There are still high levels of unemployment in the borough and it was a missed opportunity to train people up to work
- In some London boroughs unemployment actually went up
- Olympic venues sold off
- Brought £9bn investment into London, much of which went into transport
- Generate £10bn in extra income for the UK economy
- New school opened
Rural led regeneration- Powys
- Powys suffers from a skill shortage. Lack of university places and qualifications together with a long-standing emphasis on agriculture and tourism means many jobs are part of low wage economy
- EU structural funds have been used to encourage competitive businesses to grow
- Other successful scheme include establishing Transition Towns, where locally based loyalty cards and local currency encourages local spending, supporting local goods and services
- Powys council estimates that the area has close to 26,000 volunteers and that their work has amounted to £173.6million to the local economy
- Investment into broadband will discourage outward migration and hopefully encourage small business formation to diversify the economy
- Green investment bank is investing £1billion of finance, available for research and development into green energy
‘Bronte County’ - Case study
- Tourism adds £500million to the Bradford region
- 8.6million day trips a year
- Supports 13,500 jobs in retail and tourism
- Historical town many visit to experience the inspirations of the Bronte sisters’ books
- Kept the area very traditional and have opened up Bronte’s parsonage
- Pennine Bridleway and other outdoor activities such as horse riding and mountain biking on offer
- East Yorkshire, East Lancashire Pennines
How can the success of regeneration be measured?
- Income deprivation measures the proportion of people experiencing deprivation linked to low income
- Employment deprivation measures the percentage of working age people who want to work but cannot (sickness, care responsibilities, unemployment)
- Educational skills and training
- Crime
- Health deprivation
- Living environment deprivation
- Barriers to housing
What is regeneration designed to do?
Improve an area and tackle inequalities
Is the regeneration of Haworth successful + evidence?
Overall it is successful, however there will always be downfalls.
- 35.2% of people own accommodation outright
- Only 18.8% of people aged 16 and over with no qualification, compared the 25% in 2001
- Only 8.8% have their daily activities limited, compared to 15% in 2001
- 40.6% in full time employment
Global influences in Birmingham:
- Airport served 12.9million customers in 2017, making it the 7th busiest airport in the Uk
- 35 airlines operate in the airport
- 1/5 of the population from overseas
- Set to host the 2022 Commonwealth games with 72 countries
Belfast Rebranding:
- Opened Titanic Quarter in 2009
- Multipurpose venue, 7500 townhouses and apartments housing 30,000 people
- 20,000 long term jobs (IT, finance, education, hotels, bars, restaurants)
- £7billion investment
- Attracted 800,000 visitors in first year of opening
- Titanic Belfast Visitor Attraction £97million
- In March 2006, government gave go ahead for a £300million regeneration of a run down part of Belfast city centre in the Cathedral quarter which could create up to 2000 jobs
- Shopping centres/bars/restaurants
Was Belfast rebranding successful and why?
Very successful!
Full time employment: 54% (2001) to 61% in 2011
Good health: 75% (2001) to 80% in 2011
People aged 16 and over with 5 GCSEs: 28% to 55% in 2011
However people aged 16 and over with no formal qualifications did increase from 25% to 30%
