Refugee Crisis Flashcards
1
Q
Why was the JHA pillar created under the Maastricht Treaty?
A
- Because border controls were removed, due to the single market
- To control illegal immigration and cross-borer criminality
- End of the Cold War - More migration from former communist states
- 9/11
- Growth of the internet - To combat cyber crime
2
Q
What key institutional reforms were made to JHA under the Lisbon Treaty?
A
- Abolition of the 3 pillars - Decisions are taken using QMV (except emergency brake procedure and police and judicial cooperation on criminal matters)
- Art. 3 TEU - Codification + Before single market
- Jurisdiction of the ECJ
3
Q
What are the key activities with the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ)
A
- Free movement of persons
- Common immigration and asylum policy
- Judicial cooperation in civil and criminal matters
- European Arrest Warrant
- Police and customs cooperation - Europe, CEPOL…
- Combat organised crime, terrorism, drugs and human trafficking
- Protection of FdR and combat discrimination - ECHR accession
4
Q
What are the Dublin Regulations?
A
- First, asylum seekers had to apply for asylum status in the MS in which they arrived
- Now, the new relocation system takes into account population size, total GDP, average number of asylum applications and unemployment rate + Preferences of applicant
- Creation of ‘Safe States’ procedure
5
Q
What is Frontex/European Coast Guard Agency and Eurosur?
A
- Frontex - To ensure that Europe can protect its common external borders and FdRs, to support frontline MSs on the ground
- Eurosur - European Border Surveillance System - To surveil, coordinate and share information on cross-border control within Schengen + Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia
6
Q
What were the measures taken to respond to the refugee crisis?
A
- EU Turkey Deal - For every migrant sent back to Turkey, one Syrian refugee may get in + €3B
- Hotspots - Everything is concentrated into one place (admin, housing, health services…)
- Search & Rescue operations
7
Q
What is ‘Orbanisation’?
A
The idea that different cultural practices cannot be mixed
8
Q
What is the history of migration?
A
- WWII, fall of Communism, EU crisis, Arab Spring
- 1992 - Creation of JHA
- 1999 - EC Tampere - Common migration policy and Common European Asylum System
- 2004 - The Hague Programme - Asylum, migration and border policy, integration, legal migration and fight against illegal employment
- 2010 - The Stockholm Programme - Confirms The Hague Programme, common procedure and uniform asylum status