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Histopathology > Refresher > Flashcards

Refresher Flashcards

1
Q

Most rapid fixative and is especially recommended for fixing lymph glands, urgent biopsies, and chromosomes

A

Carnoy’s fluid

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2
Q

The most common metallic fixative

A

Mercuric chloride fixatives

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3
Q

The most common decalcifying agent

A

Nitric acid

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4
Q

The most rapid decalcifying agent

A

Phloroglucin Nitric acid

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5
Q

Best and fast acting dehydrating agent

A

Ethanol

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6
Q

The most common clearing agent

A

Xylene

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7
Q

Most common embedding medium

A

Paraffin wax

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8
Q

Substitute for Xylene or Benzene

A

Toluene

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9
Q

The most common staining method for MICROANATOMICAL STUDY

A

H&E staining technique

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10
Q

The process by which the tissues are fixed in a physical and partly also in a chemical state

A

Fixation (Preservation)

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11
Q

Best results in fixation are obtained through what type of solutions?

A

Slightly hypertonic solution (400-450 mOsm)

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12
Q

The concentration of formaldehyde used as fixative is approximately ___ weight in volume

A

37-40% weight in volume or
35-40% gas by weight

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13
Q

Fixative that is classified as both a nuclear and histochemical fixative

A

Newcomer’s fluid

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14
Q

Paraformaldehyde deposits are formed when formalin is stored for a long time in ___ temperature, but this can be remedied by using ____.

A

Cold, 10%Methanol

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15
Q

Fixative used for sputum cytology

A

Alcoholic formalin (Gendre’s fixative)

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16
Q

A fixative that is made up of 2 formaldehyde residues linked by 3 carbon chains

A

Glutaraldehyde
(recommended for electron microscopy and histochemistry)

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17
Q

Frequently used concentration of Mercuric chloride fixatives

A

4-7% or 5-7%

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18
Q

The routine fixative for preservation of cell detail in tissue photography

A

Mercuric chloride

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19
Q

An excellent microanatomic fixative for pituitary gland, bone marrow, and blood-containing organs

A

Zenker-Formol (Helly’s fluid)

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20
Q

A mercuric chloride fixative that is commonly used for bone marrow biopsies

A

B-5 fixative

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21
Q

A fixative that is recommended for the demonstration of acid mucopolysaccharides and conective tissue mucin

A

Lead fixative

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22
Q

A fixative recommended for the demonstration of chromaffin tissues, adrenal medulla and mitochondria

A

Chromate

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23
Q

The recommended fixative for demonstration of mitochondria, chromatin, golgi bodies and mitotic figures

A

Regaud’s fluid (Moeller’s fluid)

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24
Q

The recommended fixative for study of early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis and demonstration of Rickettsia

A

Orth’s fluid

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25
Q

The recommended fixative for fixation of embryos and pituitary biopsies

A

Bouin’s fluid

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26
Q

The fixative that is used as a diluent for the Wright’s stain and excellent for fixing dry and wet smears

A

Methanol

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27
Q

Fixatives that are used in fixing brain tissues (Negri bodies) for rabies diagnosis

A

Acetone (1st choice), Carnoy’s fluid (2nd choice)

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28
Q

Recommended fixative for cytoplasmic structures such as mitochondria

A

Flemming’s fluid w/o acetic acid

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29
Q

Recommended fixative for nuclear structures such as chromosomes

A

Flemming’s fluid w/ acetic acid

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30
Q

Fixatives used for electron microscopy

A

Glutaraldehyde,
Osmium tetroxide/Osmic acid,
Acrolein mixture w/ glutaraldehyde-formaldehyde,
Karnovsky’s paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde mixture

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31
Q

The reagent that is used for washing out excess mercuric fixative

A

Alcoholic iodine

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32
Q

Used to wash chromate, formalin, and osmic acid

A

Tap water

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33
Q

Used to wash picric acid

A

50-70% Alcohol

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34
Q

Possible cause of too hard or brittle tissue blocks

A

Prolonged fixation

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35
Q

Failure to arrest early cellular autolysis is due to

A

Due to failure to fix tissue immediately or due to insufficient fixative

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36
Q

Too brittle and too hard blocks is caused by

A

Prolonged fixation

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37
Q

Soft and feather-like tissues is due to

A

Due to incomplete fixation

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38
Q

Removal of fixative soluble substances is caused by

A

Wrong choice of fixative

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39
Q

Presence of artifact pigments on sections is due to

A

Incomplete washing of fixative

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40
Q

Shrinkage and swelling of cells in tissue blocks is due to

A

Due to overfixation

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41
Q

Enzyme inactivation and loss is due to

A

Wrong choice of fixative

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42
Q

It is the best general tissue fixative

A

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (Phosphate buffered formalin)

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43
Q

Best fixative for CNS, general post-mortem tissues, and silver impregnation

A

10% Formol-Saline

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44
Q

Best fixative for frozen sections and elastic fibers

A

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin

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45
Q

A specialized fixative used in frozen section which serves to localize antigens and hydrolytic enzymes. Used for preservation if lipids,

A

Formol-Calcium (Baker’s Formol Calcium)

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46
Q

Formalin usage by-products

A

Paraformaldehyde and Formic acid

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47
Q

Fixatives recommended for renal biopsies

A

Mercuric chloride fixative

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48
Q

A fixative that is used for the preservation of the tumor biopsies of the skin

A

Heidenhain’s Susa

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49
Q

This group of fixatives produces excessive yellow staining of tissues

A

Chromate fixatives

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50
Q

Air-filled lungs may float on fixative. What must be done to avoid this?

A

Cover the lungs with gauze

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51
Q

Used to decontaminate prions-infected tissue

A

Immersion of specimen in:
Formalin (48hrs)
Formic acid (1hr)
Formalin(48hrs)

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52
Q

A procedure whereby calcium or lime salts are removed from tissues

A

Decalcification

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53
Q

List of decalcifying agents (in general)

A
  1. Acids (routinely used)
  2. Chelating agents (EDTA)
  3. Ion-exchange resin
  4. Electrophoresis
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54
Q

Substances which combine with calcium ions and other salts to form weakly dissociated complexes and facilitate removal of calcium salt

A

Chelating agents (EDTA)
-Versene, Sequestrene

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55
Q

EDTA-decalcified tissue rinsing process

A
  1. Wash in running tap water
  2. Overnight immersion in formol saline or phosphate buffered formalin
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56
Q

The most common decalcifying agent used

A

Nitric acid

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57
Q

How to prevent discoloration caused by Nitric acid

A
  1. By neutralizing the tissue with 5% sodium sulfate and washing in running tap water for at least 12 hours or by
  2. Addition of 0.1% urea to pure concentrated nitric acid.
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58
Q

A decalcifying agent that can also be used as a tissue softener

A

Perenyi’s fluid

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59
Q

The most rapid decalcifying agent and is recommended for urgent works

A

Phloroglucin nitric acid

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60
Q

The weakest decalcifying agent and is used only for minute pieces of bone

A

Sulfurous acid

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61
Q

Von Ebner’s fluid is recommended for teeth and small pieces of bones. Its components include:

A
  1. 36% Saturated Aqueous Sodium Chloride
  2. Concentrated Hydrochloric acid
  3. Distilled water
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62
Q

Methods to determine the extent of decalcification

A
  1. Physical method
  2. Radiological
  3. Chemical method
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63
Q

A method to detect the extent of decalcification which cannot be used for mercuric chloride-fixed tissues

A

Radiological (X-ray)

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64
Q

The process of removing intracellular and extracellular water from the tissue

A

Dehydration/Dessication

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65
Q

It is the best dehydrating agent

A

Ethanol

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66
Q

A dehydrating agent used as a substitute for ethanol

A

Isopropanol

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67
Q

A dehydrating agent utilized for plant and animal microtechniques

A

Butanol

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68
Q

A toxic dehydrating agent usually for blood and tissue films

A

Methanol

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69
Q

A dehydrating agent that is limited inly to small pieces of tissue due to its extreme volatility and flammability

A

Acetone

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70
Q

The reason why a clearing agent turns milky when the tissue is transferred to it

A

Incomplete dehydration

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71
Q

The process whereby alcohol is removed from the tissue and replaced by a fluid that will dissolve the wax with which the tissue must be impregnated.

A

Clearing/Dealcoholization

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72
Q

The most commonly used and is considered as an excellent and true clearing agent

A

Xylene

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73
Q

A clearing agent that is carcinogenic and may cause aplastic anemia

A

Benzene

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74
Q

A clearing agent that becomes milky on prolonged storage and its quality is not always good and uniform

A

Cedarwood oil

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75
Q

The clearing agent recommended for clearing embryos, insects and very delicate specimens

A

Aniline oil

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76
Q

A slow-acting clearing agent that can be used when double-embedding techniques are required

A

Methyl salicylate/ Methyl benzoate

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77
Q

Properties are very similar to chloroform but is cheaper

A

CCL4 (Carbon tetrachloride)

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78
Q

The process whereby the clearing agent is completely removed from the tissue and replaced by a medium that will fill all natural cavities, spaces and interstices of the tissues to provide solid and firm consistency.

A

Inflitration/Impregnation

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79
Q

The process by which the impregnated tissue is placed into a precisely arranged position in a mold containing a medium, which is then allowed to solidify.

A

Embedding/Blocking/Casting

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80
Q

Processes done by the automatic tissue processor (Elliot bench-type tissue processor)

A

Fixation,
Dehydration,
Clearing,
Impregnation

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81
Q

Manual paraffin wax impregnation requires at least ____ changes of wax with _____minutes interval.

A

4 changes, 15 minutes

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82
Q

The most rapid impregnation technique is ___; nit is impregnation under _____.

A

Vacuum method, negative atmospheric pressure

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83
Q

Substitutes for Paraffin wax:

A
  1. Paraplast
  2. Embeddol
  3. Bioloid
  4. Ester wax
  5. Carbowax
84
Q

Melting point of paraffin wax

A

54-58 deg Celsius

85
Q

Recommended infiltrating agent when histochemical and enzymatic studies are considered

A

-Gelatin
-Carbowax

86
Q

Embedding medium that is used for Electron microscopy

A

Plastic/Resin (Epoxy)

87
Q

A semisynthetic wax that is used for embedding eyes

A

Bioloid

88
Q

Double-embedding method is the process in which tissues are first infiltrated with ____ and subsequently embedded in_____.

A

Celloidin; Paraffin

89
Q

A process whereby tissues are cut into uniformly thin slices with the aid of microtome to facilitate the studies under the microscope.

A

Sectioning/Cutting

90
Q

The thickness of paraffin section is about

A

4-6 micrometer
(Celloidin= 10-15 um)

91
Q

The removal of gross nicks and irregularities from the knife is called

A

Honing

92
Q

Available in a wide variety of fineness; Used only for badly nicked knives

A

Carborundum hone

93
Q

A stone of medium fineness

A

Arkansas stone

94
Q

The finest hone

A

Yellow Belgian/Belgium

95
Q

In plane concave knife, one side of the knife is flat/straight while the other is concave. The straight side is used for cutting ____ while the concave side is used for cutting____

A

Celloidin sections,
Paraffin sections

96
Q

A knife that is used for cutting paraffin sections

A

Biconcave

97
Q

A knife with straight sides that is used for cutting frozen sections and extremely hard and tough specimens

A

Plane wedge

98
Q

The temperature of water bath is kept at

A

45-50 deg Celsius (6-10 deg C below the melting point of wax)

99
Q

Temperature of paraffin oven (infiltration)

A

2-5 deg Celsius above the melting point of wax

100
Q

A microtome that is used for fluorescent antibody staining techniques or histochemical enzyme studies

A

Cryostat/Cold microtome

101
Q

The process by which a tissue is arranged in a precise position in the mold during embedding, on the microtome before cutting, and on the slide before staining

A

Orientation

102
Q

Base sledge is a type of

A

-Sliding microtome

103
Q

Cryostat chamber is set at what temperature

A

5-30 deg Celsius/
18-20 deg Celsius
(common is 20degC)

104
Q

The process whereby various constituents of tissues are studies thru chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of a specific tissue substance

A

Histochemical staining/Histochemistry

105
Q

Natural dyes

A

-Hematoxylin
-Cochineal
-Orcein
-Saffron

106
Q

Sometimes known as “coal tar dyes” since they were originally manufactured from substances that have been taken from Coal tar.

A

Synthetic dye

107
Q

Staining of tissues by simple dyes

A

Direct/Simple staining

108
Q

Continuous staining until desired intensity is achieved

A

Progressive staining

109
Q

Overstaining and then decolorizing to reach desired intensity

A

Regressive staining

110
Q

Used to stain tissues immediately after removal from the body

A

Supravital staining

111
Q

Injecting the dye into living cells

A

Intravital staining

112
Q

Selective staining of the living calls and shows cytoplasmic activities

A

Vital staining

113
Q

What is the best vital stain?

A

Neutral Red

114
Q

The most common counterstain used in routine hemoxylin stain

A

Eosin Y

115
Q

Most commonly used in metallic impregnation. Used for the demonstration of CNS tissues and reticulin

A

Silver nitrate

116
Q

Most important stain derived from the core of heartwood tree H. campechianum

A

Hematoxylin

117
Q

From vegetables sources and lichens

A

Orcein

118
Q

A substance which when taken up by the tissue, helps make the dye in return serving as a link or bridge to make the staining reaction possible.

A

Mordant

119
Q

Most reliable and specific stain for DNA. Stains DNA red-purple.

A

Feulgen stain

120
Q

Stains RNA red and DNA green.

A

Methyl green pyronin

121
Q

Fluorescent stain for DNA (yellow-green fluorescence) and RNA (orange-red fluorescence)

A

Acridine orange

122
Q

Best staining procedure for reticulin fibers

A

Metallic/Silver impregnation

123
Q

Red chromogen in immunoperoxidase reaction

A

Aminoethylcarbazole (AEC)

124
Q

Brown chromogen in immunoperoxidase reaction

A

Diaminobenzidine (DAB)

125
Q

Mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin for the demonstration of connective tissues, mucin, and elastic tissue

A

Acid fuchsin-Picric acid (Van Gieson’s stain)

126
Q

The oldest of all stains; stains amyloid, cellulose, starch, carotenes, and glycogen

A

Iodine

127
Q

An excellent stain for elastic fibers

A

Orcein

128
Q

Used for visualizing mitochondria

A

Janus Green B

129
Q

Stains that are utilized for staining ferrous iron

A

Turnbull’s Blue reaction

130
Q

Hematoxylin that is used for the demonstration of spermatogenesis

A

Copper hematoxylin

131
Q

Special stain for hemoglobin

A

Benzidine

132
Q

Special stain for blood

A

Rhodamine B

133
Q

Special stain for Calcium salts

A

Acridine Red 3B

134
Q

Special stain for acid mucopolysaccharides

A

Alcian blue

135
Q

Special stain for neuroglia

A

Victoria blue

136
Q

Special stain for reticulocytes

A

Cresyl blue

137
Q

Specific stain used to identify Hemosiderin (ferric iron)

A

Perl’s Prussian Blue

138
Q

The adhesive agent that is very useful in cytology particularly for cytospin preparations of proteinaceous or bloody material

A

3-APES (Aminopropyltriethoxysilane)

139
Q

Composition of Mayer’s egg albumin

A

Egg white 50 mL
Glycerin 50 mL
Thymol crystals 100 mg

140
Q

Composition of 1% Gelatin

A

Gelatin 1g
Distilled water 100 mL
Glycerin 15 mL
Phenol crystals 2g

141
Q

Composition of Dried Albumin

A

Dried albumin 5g
Sodium chloride 5 g
Distilled water 100 mL
Thymol crystals

142
Q

What does 3-APES mean?

A

Aminopropyltriethoxysilane

143
Q

Composition Starch Paste

A

Powdered starch 1g,
Distilled water 30 mL,
Hydrochloric acid 2 drops
Thymol crystals

144
Q

Readily available from outdated blood stored in blood banks, dispensed into sterile tubes of 0.5 mL each.

A

Plasma

145
Q

Very useful cytology particularly for cytospin preparations of proteinaceous or bloody material.

A

3-APES

146
Q

Added to the starch paste in order to prevent mold formation

A

Thymol crystals

147
Q

Refractive index of a glass

A

1.518

148
Q

Used for Methylene blue-stained nerve preparations and as a general purpose aqueous mountant

A

Apathy’s medium

149
Q

A natural resin that is recommended for whole mounts and for thick sections

A

Canada balsam

150
Q

It is incorporated in Pap staining technique for cytologic studies of immature cells

A

Eosin azure

151
Q

The process by which a tissue is arranged in a precise position in the mold during embedding, on the microtome before cutting, and on the slide before staining.

A

Orientation

152
Q

The process of sealing the margins of the coverslip to prevent escape of fluid or semi-fluid mounts and evaporation of mountant to immobilize the coverslip and to prevent sticking of slides upon storage

A

Ringing

153
Q

Marker for choriocarcinoma

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

154
Q

Useful in differentiating lung adrenocarcinomas from mesotheliomas

A

TTF1 (Thyroid Transcription Factor 1)

155
Q

Useful in diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Positive in certain pancreatic and salivary gland tumor

A

PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)

156
Q

Used to identify tumors derived from smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles

A

Actin

157
Q

Most widely used to confirm the diagnosis of astrocytoma

A

GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein)

158
Q

Best screening marker for lymphoma

A

LCA (Leukocyte Common Antigen/CD 45)

159
Q

Provides strong evidence of neural and neuroendocrine differentiation

A

NSE (Neuron Specific Enolase)

160
Q

Recognized as a marker for neuroendocrine differentiation

A

Chromogranin

161
Q

Highly specific for myogenic tumors including leiomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Desmin

162
Q

Polyclonal antibodies used in immunohistochemical techniques are derived from

A

Rabbits

163
Q

An excellent dehydrating and clearing agent, but is expensive, extremely dangerous and its vapor is toxic to man

A

Dioxane/Diethyl dioxide

164
Q

It is made up of mercuric chloride stock solution to which glacial acetic acid has been added just before its use to prevent turbidity and formation of dark precipitate. It is recommended for fixing small pieces of liver, spleen, connective tissue fibers and nuclei.

A

Zenker’s fluid

165
Q

It is not suitable for fixing kidney structures, lipid and mucus. Destroys cytoplasmic structures like mitochondria

A

Bouin’s fluid

166
Q

It is highly explosive when dry, and therefore must be kept moist with distilled water or saturated alcohol at 0.5-1% concentration during storage.

A

Picric acid

167
Q

It is recommended for fixing mucopolysaccharide and nuclear proteins. Acts as both Nuclear and Histochemical fixative

A

Newcomer’s fluid

168
Q

Used for detection of herpetic lesions and carcinoma

A

Vulvar scrape

169
Q

Used to collect samples of endocervical canal

A

Endocervical brush

170
Q

The best staining method of choice for exfoliative cytology

A

Pap’s stain/Pap’s smear

171
Q

An equipment used for vaginal aspiration

A

Glass pipette and rubber bulb

172
Q

Equipment used for swab smear

A

Ayre’s spatula

173
Q

Equipment used for endocervical and endometrial aspiration

A

Laryngeal cannula attached to a 10-cc syringe

174
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

175
Q

Accidental cell death from due to trauma

A

Necrosis

176
Q

Organs removed one by one is a technique of whom?

A

Virchow

177
Q

Technique characterized by in situ dissection, in part combined with en bloc removal

A

Technique of Rokitansky

178
Q

Technique by which thoracic and cervical organs, abdominal organs and the urogenital system are removed as organ blocks

A

Technique of Ghon

179
Q

En bloc removal technique is widely used

A

Modification of Ghon’s technique

180
Q

Autopsy technique by which thoracic, cervical, abdominal and pelvic organs are removed en masse and subsequently dissected into organ blocks

A

Technique of Letulle

181
Q

Which knife is used for celloidin sections?

A

Plane concave

182
Q

What is the paraffin impregnation temperature?

A

2-5deg C above the melting point of the wax

183
Q

Plastic resin utilized for light microscopy

A

Acrylic plastics

184
Q

Plastic resin embedding medium recommended for EM but not for immunohistochemistry

A

Epoxy

185
Q

Most commonly used fixative for cytological examination

A

95% ethanol

186
Q

Who does the autopsy?

A

The pathologist

187
Q

Factors for tumor grading

A
  1. Polarity of the cell
  2. N:C ratio
  3. Number and characteristics of mitoses
  4. Hyperchromaticity
188
Q

Changes of intercellular structural pattern

A
  1. Increase in size
  2. Irregular shape
  3. Irregular chromatin
  4. Anisocytosis and anisokaryosis
  5. Excessive growth and overcrowding of cells
189
Q

Classes of Cancer

A

I- Absence of abnormal or atypical cells
II- Atypical cytologic feature but not suggestive of malignancy
III- Cytologic feature suggestive but not conclusive of malignancy
IV- Cytologic feature strongly suggestive of malignancy
V- Cytologic feature conclusive of malignancy

190
Q

Primary signs of death

A
  1. Respiratory failure
  2. Cardiovascular failure
  3. CNS failure (1st to occur)
191
Q

The first demonstrable change of death

A

Algor mortis (cooling of the body)

192
Q

Occurs 2-3 hours after death

A

Rigor mortis (stiffening of the skeletal muscle)

193
Q

Post-mortem lividity/suggilations; purplish discoloration

A

Livor mortis

194
Q

Drying and wrinkling of the anterior chamber if the eye

A

Dessication

195
Q

Decomposition; Invasion of intestinal microorganisms

A

Putrefaction

196
Q

Self-digestion of cells

A

Autolysis

197
Q

Formation of chicken fat and currant jelly-like clot

A

Post-mortem clotting

198
Q

An increase in size of tissues because of the increase in size of individual cells

A

Hypertrophy

199
Q

An increase in size of tissue because of increase in the number of cells that make up the tissue

A

Hyperplasia

200
Q

A retrogressive change in cellular growth pattern characterized by non-appearance of an organ.

A

Agenesia

201
Q

Incomplete or underdevelopmemt of the organ

A

Hypoplasia

202
Q

Incomplete or defective development of a tissue or organ

A

Aplasia

203
Q

Failure of an organ to form an opening

A

Atresia

204
Q

Considered to be the most common type of necrosis usually observed in the myocardium, lungs, kidneys, and the spleen

A

Coagulative necrosis

205
Q
A

Histopathology (3 decks)

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