Reforms Flashcards
Qing Ideology
Confucianism
Self Strengthening movement
Qing western model/influence waterways/canals connected to the sea military soldiers sent to Japan shipyards/industries established textile industry Imperial Bank of China established+linked to HSBC some schools adopt W model BUT limited success as =not real modernisation+=not mix well with Confucianism
100 Days Reform
education/exam reform + 8 legged essay abolished
agriculture developed
industry developed
railway construction
BUT= not enough support+TOO MODERN+Cixi not support it
Yuan Shikai Gov
restrictive measures
suspended parliament
men>21yo+educated+own land+pay taxes= can vote= 4-6% pop.
made himself emporer 1916
Yuan Shikai society
education- compulsory/national primary school program BUT=limited success as still had to pay for it
social- men>21yo+educated+own land+pay taxes= can vote= 4-6% pop.
strict opium ban BUT hard to enforce due to gangs
inc sense of nationalism
warlordism gov
many ideologies
no clear central gov/had one but had not much power
some had reforms
eg; Xishan abolish foot binding+better girls’ education
eg; some Christian warlords
GMD three ppl’s principles
- democracy
- national sovereignty
- ppl’s welfare
Nanjing Decade economy
industry- National Highway Commission + 6900 modern railway networks + inc industrial output 6% +coal production inc by 12mn
BUT heavily concentrated in Treaty ports + =large unskilled workforce
agriculture- 1930 Land Law (broad range of reforms) + National agriculture research bureau
BUT still mainly traditional methods used =no modernisation
finance- central bank in Shanghai + central bank used to sell gov bonds + Shanghai stock exchange on the Global Financial market + military was inc budget more than ever= 40% + inc taxes + budget deficit
+golden yuan introduced BUT =worthless= ppl lost money
BUT inflation= now hyperinflation (300%) + inc budget deficit
trade- inc foreign trade
BUT not abolish opium trade as it was supported by gangs + Great Depression= contraction in global trade
warlordism economy
printed > money to stop inflation but acc worsened it
looting
warlords seized privately owned businesses
Yuan Shikai economy
finance- national currency centralised + mns depreciated banknotes recalled + brought tax revenues under control + negotiated $100mn foreign loans BUT had to recognise R claim to outer Mongolia/B claim to Tibet+pledge future tax revenues as security + he inc budget deficit + all tax revenue went ot paying off debts
trade- strict opium ban BUT hard to enforce due to gangs
Nanjing Decade society
education- 1929 National Education Conference + declared school compulsory for all of school age BUT still need to pay for education
Jiangxi Soviet 1931- 1/4 elected officials=women, equal divorce laws, vote at 16 for ONLY good classes, purges/terror
ideas- Sun Yatsen’s 3 ppl’s principles + New Life Movement; inc public morality standards + some Confucianism aspects
BUT this did not have much of an effect
Wars economy
finance- USA $1bn to GMD during WW2 + Tax X2 + 230% inflation
industry- nationalised + coa; production X2
Wars social
Rape of Nanjing
conscription; military + labour
WW2= 14-20mn dead + 100mn refugees
Civil War
GMD:CCP = 4:1
GMD support amongst ppl had dec significantly (destroyed finances;)
USA ($3bn/lend lease scheme)/Soviet support for GMD
Mao= >tactical + good military + propaganda + attractive policies (peasants)
Communist Ppl’s Republic of China society
education- communist focus + inc gov spending + inc education levels by 50% throughout the period 3/5 Antis systematic mass terror purges speak bitterness >equal no landlords; 1-2mn executed classified ppl fear CULTURAL REV travel permits needed iron rice bowl 1955 language reform; pin yin= standardised attack on religion; churches forcibly closed, church property seized, clergy denounced/expelled + 1950s campaign to remove religion from peasants' life closed youth organisations competition between communes Maoism little red book 1950s Women- in workforce in 20%, can own property, granted land, marriage reforms, no arranged marriages, no cocubines, no forced marriages, no bound feet
