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China Alevels > Key events > Flashcards

Key events Flashcards

1
Q

EIC establishes opium monopoly

A

1797

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2
Q

complete ban on opium

A

1799

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3
Q

1800 opium chests exports reach…

A

4500

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4
Q

Lin crackdown was in…and involved…

A

1839
Lin threatens foreign smugglers
Lin destroys 1.2kg opium

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5
Q

Hong Kong Incident

A

1839
british sailors drunkingly kill chinese man
british refuse to trial them in china

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6
Q

first opium war

A

1840-2

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7
Q

Treaty of Chuanbi

A

1841

=cede Hong kong + $6mn indemnities

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8
Q

Treaty of Nanjing

A

1842

$21mn indemnities, Hong kong, open Shanghai/3 others, B can buy property, B extraterritoriality

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9
Q

Taiping Rebellion

A

1850-64
Hong led= self proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ
20-30mn dead= most ever in a Chinese Civil War
shared property= attracted many poor peasants to join
want overthrow Qing+impose Christianity
equality between men and women
created Heavenly Kingdom 1853 (formerly Nanjing) to counter Qing gov + expanded to control approx 30mn
failure to capture Beijing+failed attempted coup+internal conflict= failure
British helped to quash it

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10
Q

Nian Rebellion

A

1853-68
formed as gov =preoccupied by Taiping rebellion + due to 1850s flooding
plundering + raids= vast economic devastation
sporadic clusters of Taiping supporters post their defeat joined them and engaged in guerrilla warfare
once Taiping defeated= gov focused on them =blockade strategy= defeat them

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11
Q

Nian Rebellion

A

1853-68
formed as gov =preoccupied by Taiping rebellion + due to 1850s flooding
plundering + raids= vast economic devastation
sporadic clusters of Taiping supporters post their defeat joined them and engaged in guerrilla warfare
once Taiping defeated= gov focused on them =blockade strategy= defeat them

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12
Q

Second Opium War

A

1856-60

B, Russia, France, USA

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13
Q

SW Panthay Railway Rebellion

A 
1857
Muslim Huis 
due to discrimination vs them 
pre-existing Han Hui tensions coming to head 
mainly anit-Qing not pro religion 
crushed
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14
Q

Treaty of Tianjin

A

1960
11 more ports opeend up
$10mn indemnities to B/F
$5mn to B merchants
foreigners can travel within China with no restrictions
coalition countries allowed to set up embassies in Beijing

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15
Q

Tianjin Massacre

A

1870

Christian missionaries + converts attacked

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16
Q

Convention of Peking

A

1960

agreement comprising three separate peace treaties with B, F, R

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17
Q

self strengthening movement

A

1861
Western model/influence
waterways/canals connected to sea
military soldiers sent to Japan fro training
shipyards/industries established
textile industry developed
Imperial Bank of China established+linked to HSBC
some schools adopt Western model
BUT=limited success as =not real modernisation as not adopt western ideals+these reforms not match up/mix well with/integrate well with with Confucian ideals

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18
Q

Hongzhang special delegate

A

late Qing

formally apologised to french gov for inc attacks on missionaries

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19
Q

Tianjin Convention

A

1885
Japan + Qing
Both nations would pull their expeditionary forces out of Korea within four months.
Neither nation would send troops to Korea without prior notification to the other

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20
Q

Triple Intervention

A

Germany, F, R
diplomatic intervention over harsh terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki
goal to keep Japanese expansion out of China
actually wanted to protect their own interests

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21
Q

1st Sino Japanese War

A

1894-5

Ok-Kyun dies =Korea requests Chinese assistance= pretext for Japan to send in their troops= China wages war

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22
Q

Treaty of Shimonoseki

A

1895
China give up all Korea claims
more open trade with Japan
$230mn indemnities

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23
Q

Scramble for concessions

A

1898

Western powers force China into a series of unequal treaties

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24
Q

Germany takes control of port Qingdao + claimed right to railways in region

A

1898

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25
Q

Germany takes control of port Qingdao + claimed right to railways in region

A

1898

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26
Q

100 Days reform

A

1898
education/exam reforms; 8 legged essay abolished
agricultural developments
railway construction
industry developments
BUT= not enough support + Cixi not support it and =too modern to be with Confucianism

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27
Q

USA Open Door Policy

A

1899
called for equal trade with countries + China
called for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity

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28
Q

Boxer Rebellion

A

1900
against foreigners
Cixi supported it
crushed by 8Nation Alliance >50,000 troops

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29
Q

Boxer Protocol

A 
1901
£68mn indemnities
permanent foreign troops stationed in Beijing
foreign powers can defend legislation
Cixi= war criminal
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30
Q

Cixi + Emperor die

A

1908
=Pu Yi emperor
Prince Chun= regent

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31
Q

Railway nationalist programme

A

1911
railway rights recovery movement
in response to foreign banks having control of the railways development programmes
supressed by Chinese troops
=created opportunity for Wuchan uprising
=triggered 1911 rev

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32
Q

1911 Revolution

A 
1911 
overthrow of Qing 
development of the Republic of China 
Yuan Shikai =leader 
=1912 Pu Yi formal abdication
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33
Q

Sun Yatsen frorms GMD

A

1912

amd declares it a parliamentary party

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34
Q

Imperial Bank of China renamed

A

1913

to the Commercial Bank

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35
Q

Yuan Shikai negotiates foreign loans

A

1913
$100mn
had to recognise Russia hold on Outer Mongolia + British control of Tibet

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36
Q

21 Demands

A

1915 (during WW2)
western powers could not oppose this due to their role in WW1
Japanese advisors in Chinese gov
Japanese special claims to Shandong
Japanese claims to mines. railways, ports, bays
=protests + anti- Japanese boycotts in China

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37
Q

Yuan Shi Kai becomes Emperor

A

1916

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38
Q

Yuan dies

A

1916

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39
Q

General Duan becomes premier

A

1916

But his authority is limited as central rule in China is breaking down

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40
Q

Versailles conference/Treaty

A 
1918 
not achieve China's aims
not get Shandong back from Germany 
21 Demands not revoked 
withdrawing of foreign concessions didn't happen
=strikes/protests across China
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41
Q

China joins WW1

A

1917
>150,000 troops
dug trenches
industry inc to help provide for the war

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42
Q

warlordism begins

A

1917

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43
Q

May 4th Movement

A 
1919 
in response to Treaty of Versailles 
inc science+modernisation emphasised
propaganda used 
anti-imperialist 
inc Chinese nationalism 
continuation of late Qing reforms= move away from Confucianism?
44
Q

Comintern offers GMD money+military supplies which they accept

A

1923

45
Q

Friendship Pact

A

1923

Moscow+GMD

46
Q

1st United Front

A

1924-7
GMD+CCP
to end warlordism

47
Q

Chiang Kai Shek becomes leader of GMD after SUn Yatsen’s death

A

1925

48
Q

30th May Incident

A

1925
showed how drastic anti-foreigner sentiment had become =largest yet
strikes/protests
following 13 killed by British officers in Shanghai
=inc CCP membership

49
Q

Northern Expedition

A

1926
battling warlord forces
aided by soviet arms

50
Q

White Terror

A

1927
GMD turns on CCP
Shanghai massacre

51
Q

Autumn harvest

A

1927

CCP failed response to the White Terror

52
Q

Mukden Incident

A

1931

false flag event staged by japanese so they cld invade Manchuria

53
Q

Japanese Occupation begins

A

1931

54
Q

Manchuguo created

A

1932

ruled by Pu Yi= puppet leader

55
Q

Treaty of Tanguu

A

1933
demilitarised zone
Shek’s forces disband
demilitarised zone controlled by Japanese

56
Q

Long March

A

1934
10,000/87,000 survived
relocation of CCP powerbase
=Mao leader of CCP

57
Q

League of Nations sanctions vs Japan ignored

A

1935

58
Q

Xian Incident

A

Dec 1936
CCP kidnap Chiang as they thought his policy of ‘lending time for space’ was not working + he needed to take the J occupation more seriously+recognise CCP as legitimate party/wld not persecute them anymore
=2nd United Front

59
Q

2nd United Front

A

1936-46

60
Q

Maro Polo Incident =end of Treaty of Tanguu

A

1937

61
Q

2nd Sino-J war

A

1937-45

by 1938 J had control of Beijing, Nanjing

62
Q

Rape of Nanjing

A

1937
300,000 dead
>20,000 raped

63
Q

Jianxi Soviet

A 
1931 
1/4 elected officials= women 
equal divorce laws/rights 
vote at 16yo (if good classes) 
purges/terror 
informing
64
Q

Yellow River flooded to prevent Japanese take more land

A

1938
800,000 dead
mns homeless

65
Q

USA cancel trade agreements with Japan

A

1939

66
Q

100 Regiments Campaign

A

1940
CCP attack on Japanese
to mend CCP-GMD relations as GMD believed they =not contributing enough to the war effort as were more focused on inc their powerbase

67
Q

Pearl harbour

A

1941

earlier that yr= USA/J non aggression pact + USA oil embargo on Japan

68
Q

USA invest $1bn in China as saw it as chief means of defeating Japan

A

1945

69
Q

Japan surrender

A

1945

70
Q

Soviet-GMD treaty

A

1945

71
Q

USA organised GMD/CCP talks so they cld come to agreement

A

1945

72
Q

Civil War

A

1946-9

73
Q

$3bn from USA to GMD

A

1946

74
Q

Communist republic of China

A

1949

75
Q

3 Antis campaign

A

1951

76
Q

5 Antis campaign

A

1952

77
Q

1st 5 yr plan

A

1952

78
Q

collectivisation

A

1953

79
Q

Khrushchev Destalinisation speech

A

1956

80
Q

100 Flowers Campaign+Uturn/anti rightest campaign

A

1957

81
Q

GLF (2nd 5yr plan)

A

1957-62
State Owned Enterprises
1958= collectivisation made vital part

82
Q

China’s Great Famine

A

1958

83
Q

Sparrowcide

A

1958

84
Q

Lushan conference

A

1959

official CCP gathering to consider GLF progress+all lied abt success except Peng Dehuai= he is denounced as ‘criminal’

85
Q

Socialist Education Movement

A

1962
reinstating communist ideas
4 clean ups
gov sent cadres to countryside to expose ‘reactionary elements’ who had prevented GLF success

86
Q

China becomes 1/5 permanent UN members

A

post WW2

87
Q

Deng+Liu policies begin to work

A

production restored to post 1957 levels
industrial growth 20%
inc oil production X10
ended USSR reliance

88
Q

Mao sets up 5 man grp

A

1965
so culture is more in line with communist ideals +keep party peace+prevent further party splits
=denounced the same yr as ‘capitalist roaders’

89
Q

Wuhan Incident

A

1965

play is secretly abt dismissal of Peng dehuai

90
Q

CR grp set up

A

1965

91
Q

August rally

A

1965

Tienanmen Square Red Guards +Mao

92
Q

Mao swims in Yangtze River

A

1965

93
Q

Mao resigns from being Chairman

A

1958

94
Q

CR becomes official party policy with the ‘16points of the CR’

A

8th Aug 1965

95
Q

January Storm vs Shanghai Communist Party

A

1966

96
Q

February Crackdown+Adverse current

A

used armed forces to suppress radical grps
backlash vs excessive force of CR
=Politburo Directive= dec Red guards power

97
Q

Compulsory Rustication programme

A

1967

>5mn young ppl sent to countryside

98
Q

Mao death

A

1976

99
Q

3rd Plenum

A

1978
Deng chairman
accept 4 modernisations (SEZs established)
restore party democracy

100
Q

Trial of GO4

A

1980
accused of betraying Mao/CR
directly responsible for 35,000 deaths+>750,000 ppl sentenced
=death penalty changed to life imprisonment

101
Q

Resolution of National Ppl’s Congress

A

1980

condemned liberal view of free speech as wld not work in China as wld= destruction

102
Q

CCP Central Committee resolution =Mao 70% right and 30% wrong

A

1981

103
Q

Tienanmen Square Massacre

A

1989

104
Q

Deng death

A

1997

105
Q

WW2

A

1939-45
14-20mn dead
100mn refugees

China Alevels (2 decks)

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