Reformation Terms and People Flashcards
Nepotism
The appointment of family members to important political positions; derived from the regular appointment of nephews (Latin, nepos) by Renaissance popes. People who used this included Charles V, Pope Paul III. One of the reasons that caused the Reformation
Transubstantion
A doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that during the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood is Jesus. Luther denied this, but continued to insist on the real presence of Jesus’ body and blood in the bread and wine given as a testament to God’s forgiveness of sins
Indulgences
A grant by the Pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory still due for the sins after absolutism. The unrestricted sale of indulgences by pardoners was a widespread abuse during the later Middle Ages. The sale of these by Leo X prompted Luther to write his Ninety Five Theses
Diet of Worms
1521, was an imperial diet of the Holy Roman Empire called by King Charles V. It was held at the Heylshof Garden in Worms, then an Imperial Free City of the Empire. An imperial diet was a formal deliberative assembly of the whole empire. Most memorable for the Edict of Worms, which addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation
Protestant
A member of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation. Branches of this included Lutheranism and Calvinism
95 Theses
Its publication marks the beginning of the Reformation. To Luther, they were simply a response to what he considered Johann Tetzel’s blatant abuse in selling indulgences. Spread throughout Germany once translated (speed was thanks to the printing press), making an impact on Germans who were already dissatisfied with the ecclesiastical and financial policies of the papacy
Calvin’s Institutes
After his conversion and newfound conviction, Calvin was no longer safe in Paris. Calvin made his way to Basel where he in 1536 he published the first edition of the “Institutes of the Christian religion”–a masterful synthesis of Protestant thought that immediately secured his reputation as one of the new leaders of Protestantism
Justification by Faith
To Luther, humans are not through their goods works, rather through faith in their promises of God, made possible by the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross. The doctrine of justification (act by which a person is made deserving of salvation) by grace through faith alone became the primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation
Act of Supremacy
Was caused by Henry VIII’s need for divorce, which pope would not give. In 1534, Parliament solidified the break of the Church of England with Rome by passing this Act. It declared that the king was “taken, accepted and reputed the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England” meant the monarch controlled the church in all matters of doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline
Predestination
The belief, associated with Calvinism, that God, as a consequence of his fore knowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned
Salvation
Forgiveness of sins to be reconciled with God. Catholic Church taught that grace, faith, good works and indulgences were all ways to become one again with God. Luther questioned the multiplicity of routes in his 95 Theses and argued that only faith was needed for salvation
Pilgrimage of Grace
popular uprising that began in 1536 and spread throughout Northern Europe. It was due to the discontent of Henry VIII’s dissolution of monastaries (legally based on the abuse of power within the church and personally based on Henry’s need for power). Ended with Henry giving into their demands because his army had no desire to fight and no skills compared to the rebels
Council of Trent
Created by Pope Paul III to resolve the religious differences created by the Protestant revolt. Began in 1545 as a group of cardinals, bishops, archbishops, etc. Met in city of Trent on border between Germany and Italy. Conservatives ultimately ran the council and the final doctrinal decrees of the Council reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs. Helped reform the church (affirmed scripture; declared both faith and good works were needed for salvation; affirmed belief in Purgatory)
Holy Office
What: Founded to defend the church from heresy
Who: Pope Paul III
Prohibited Books
Books deemed too heretical or contrary to morality that Catholics were prohibited to read. Pope Paul IV promulgated this but was replaced a year later with a more relaxed index. However, all indexes were abolished in 1966
Jesuits
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540. New order was grounded on the principles of absolute obedience to the papacy, a strict hierarchical order for the society, the use of education to achieve its goals and a dedication to engage in “conflict for God.” They pursued 3 major activities: establishing disciplined schools, propagating the Christian faith among non-Christians, and to carry out the Catholic banner and fight Protestantism
Ursalines
A new order of nuns founded in Italy in 1535, focused their attention on establishing schools for the education of girls
Huguenots
French Calvinists. Were from all levels of society: people hurt by rising prices, merchants in provincial towns whose local privileges were tenuous, members of nobility. Conversion of so many nobles made them a potential threat to monarchical power
Roman Inquisition
Established by Catholic Pope Paul III in 1542. Purpose was to ferret out doctrinal errors and ended the chance to compromise with Protestantism
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Massacre of the French Huguenots in Paris on August 24-25, 1572. It was plotted by Catherine de Medici, carried out by Roman Catholics. It was one event in the series of civil wars. She originally only wanted Admiral Coligny assassinated for being an influence on her son, but when that failed and she thought she’d get caught, she ordered the massacre of all Huguenots in town for the wedding of her daughter
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Massacre of the French Huguenots in Paris on August 24-25, 1572. It was plotted by Catherine de Medici, carried out by Roman Catholics. It was one event in the series of civil wars. She originally only wanted Admiral Coligny assassinated for being an influence on her son, but when that failed and she thought she’d get caught, she ordered the massacre of all Huguenots in town for the wedding of her daughter
Edict of Nantes
Signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France. Granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in the nation, which was considered essentially Catholic at the time. Separated civil from religious unity; treated some Protestants for the first time as more than mere schismatics and heretics; opened a path for secularism and tolerance
Martin Luther
He disagreed with the Roman Catholic church; believed only faith was necessary for salvation. The doctrine of salvation by grace through faith alone became the primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation. Believed the people should interpret the Bible for themselves. Translated Bible into German to make it more accessible
Leo X
Known for the selling of indulgences, sparking Luther to write his 95 Theses. He excommunicated Luther in 1521. Basic Renaissance king: spent the money on church and himself
