Reformation Flashcards
The crime of paying for sacraments and holy offices
Simony
The practice of religious officials holding more than one office
Pluralism
Full or partial remission of temporal punishment for sins which have already been forgiven granted by the church
Indulgences
Pope when the Reformation began who excommunicated Martin Luther
Pope Leo X
Dominican preacher who was sent into Germany to sell indulgences to raise money to fund the building of St. Peter’s Basilica
Johann Tetzel
Luther’s challenge to other scholars to debate the issue of indulgences that he posted on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg
The Ninety-five Theses
Holy Roman Emperor who ordered Luther to appear at the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire and who declared Luther an outlaw
Charles V
Ruler of Saxony who provided Luther with refuge at his Wartburg castle
Elector Frederick the Wise
Meeting before which Luther was called to demand that he recant in 1521
Diet of Worms
Only two sacraments which Luther recognized that had been established by Jesus Christ
Baptism and Holy Communion
Revolt against the land owners in 1524-1525 which sought to abolish serfdom and the manorial system
Peasant revolts
The three main tenets of Lutheranism
Sola scriptura, Sola fide, Sola gratia
Statement of Luther’s faith that Luther presented before Charles V at the Diet of Augsburg
Confession of Augsburg
Principle that the ruler’s religion would be the religion of the region; established by the Peace of Augsburg
cuius regio, eius religio
After the war of the Schmalkaldic League, this compromise agreement established the principle by which Germany would be governed until the Peace of Westphalia; only recognized Roman Catholicism or Lutheranism
Peace of Augsburg
Early leader of the Swiss Reformation in Zurich; in contrast to Luther, he believed that baptism and holy communion were ceremonies rather than true sacraments; killed by Catholic forces
Ulrich Zwingli
Leader of the Reformation in Geneva who stressed doctrine of salvation by election; he practiced a strict theocracy with religious leaders dominating the city’s government
John Calvin
The French Calvinists
Huguenots
A disciple of Calvin who brought faith to Scotland
John Knox
King who took England out of the Catholic church and founded the Anglican church
Henry VIII
Followers of John Wycliffe
Lollards
Wife whom Henry VIII sought to divorce
Catherine of Aragon
Parliament approved these to define the doctrine of the English Church; reaffirmed Catholic teaching and rejected Protestant beliefs
The Six Articles
New archbishop of Canterbury who granted Henry an annulment; wrote the Book of Common Prayer
Thomas Cranmer
Law which declared the king, rather than the pope, to be the head of the English church
Act of Supremacy
Former lord chancellor who refused to swear to support the Act of Supremacy
Thomas More
Daughter of Henry VIII who attempted to restore Roman Catholicism in England; persecuted England’s protestants
Mary I, Mary Tudor
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn who was the last Tudor to rule England; sought a religious settlement to satisfy the majority of her people
Elizabeth I
Under Elizabeth, Parliament defined the teachings of Anglican Church; it was mostly Protestant but governed by bishops; emphasized both compromise and ambiguity in attempting to unite as many as possible; the church would be governed by bishops
Thirty-nine Articles
Radical protestants who insisted that the only real Christians were those who had undergone a conversion experience and had then been baptized; most wanted the church to be entirely separate from the state
Anabaptists
Term used to refer specifically to reform the Catholic Church
Catholic Reformation
Term used to refer to efforts by the Catholic Church to counter the spread of Protestants
Counter-Reformation
Established to discourage the dissemination of heretical views
Index of Prohibited Books
Assembly of Catholic religious leaders to define Roman Catholic doctrine and eliminate abuses in the church
Council of Trent
Congregation of the Holy Office that used torture, secret witnesses, and the admission of hearsay and rumor to convict suspected heretics
Roman Inquisition
