Reformation

Question 1

Martin Luther

Answer 1

challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible- and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes.

Question 2

Lutheranism

Answer 2

1. Salvation: is achieved through faith
2. Sacraments: Accept some sacraments but reject others because rituals cannot erase sin, only God
3. Head of church: is elected council
4. Bible alone is source of truth
5. People read and interpret bible for themselves

Question 3

John Calvin

Answer 3

known for his doctrine of predestination and his theocratic view of the state.

Question 4

Calvinism

Answer 4

1. Salvation: God alone determines who will be saved
2. Sacraments: Accept some sacraments but reject others because rituals cannot erase sin, only God
3. Head of church: council of elders
4. Bible alone is source of truth
5. people read and interpret bible for themselves

Question 5

The diet of worms

Answer 5

imperial council that was convened to decide the fate of Martin Luther. It was held in Worms, Germany. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V presided over the diet. … It was a point in which Luther’s life, and the entire Reformation, hung in the balance.

Question 6

Anabaptists

Answer 6

Christians who believe that baptism is only valid when the candidate confesses his or her faith in Christ and wants to be baptized. This believer’s baptism is opposed to baptism of infants, who are not able to make a conscious decision to be baptized.

Question 7

Charles V

Answer 7

sought to unite the many kingdoms under his rule in the hope of creating a vast, universal empire. However, his hopes were thwarted by the Protestant Reformation in Germany, a lifelong dynastic struggle with King Francis, and the advance of the Ottoman Turks into Europe. In 1558

Question 8

Phillip II

Answer 8

became king of Spain in January 1556. He governedSpain in her so-called “Golden Age”. However, his reign saw the economic decline of Spain, her bankruptcy and a disastrous decade from 1588 to 1598 which included the disaster of the Spanish Armada.

Question 9

Catherine of Aragon

Answer 9

Was only able to provide one female child forking Henry VIII. After Henry called for the start of the English church she was banished and died heartbroken in 1536

Question 10

Act of supremacy

Answer 10

granted King Henry VIII of England and subsequent monarchs Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England.

Question 11

The book of common prayer

Answer 11

unlike books of prayers, contain the words of structured (or liturgical) services of worship.containing black rubric

Question 12

Marry Tudor

Answer 12

Only child of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon to survive into adulthood. Mary took the throne in 1553, reigning as the first queen regnant of England and Ireland. Seeking to return England to the Catholic Church, she persecuted hundreds of Protestants and earned the moniker “Bloody Mary.”

Question 13

The counter reformation

Answer 13

the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent

Question 14

The council of Trent

Answer 14

Important members of the Catholic Church met in Trento three times between December 13, 1545, and December 4, 1563, as a reaction to the Protestant Reformation. The two main goals of the Council of Trent were to address abuses in the Church and to clarify Catholic teaching to meet the Protestant challenges.

Question 15

Catherine de Medici

Answer 15

Known for her involvement in the Christian Huguenot wars. Italian noble woman. Ruled for son

Question 16

Henry IV of France

Answer 16

Raised a Protestant, he became heir to the French throne through his marriage to Margaret of Valois, but was challenged during a time of religious strife. Despite converting to Catholicism after becoming king of France in 1589, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes to foster religious tolerance

Question 17

The Huguenots

Answer 17

French protestants who followed the teaching of Luther and Calvin. Eventually forced to flee France and other countries because of religious persecution

Question 18

The French wars of religion

Answer 18

The French Wars of Religion, or Huguenot Wars of the 16th century, are names for a period of civil infighting, military operations and religious war primarily fought between Roman Catholics and Huguenots in the Kingdom of France. Started with murder of Huguenot congregation and ended with Henry’s embrace of Catholicism and religious toleration of Huguenots in edict of Nantes

Question 19

Edict of Nantes

Answer 19

The Edict of Nantes, signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time

Question 20

Thirty year war

Answer 20

Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers. These states employed relatively large mercenary armies, and the war became less about religion and more of a continuation of the France–Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence ended by peace of Westphalia

Question 21

Peace of Westphalia

Answer 21

European settlements of 1648, which brought to an end the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years’ War.

Question 22

Puritans

Answer 22

group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to “purify” the Church of England from its “Catholic” practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed.

Question 23

Anglican Church

Answer 23

Church set up by Henry VIII after the pope refused to allow him to marry his wife.

Question 24

Presbyterianism

Answer 24

form of Protestant Church government in which the church is administered locally by the minister with a group of elected elders of equal rank, and regionally and nationally by representative courts of ministers and elders.

Question 25

Elizabeth I

Answer 25

Virgin queen. She never married and ran the country of England during a time of economic recovery. She was committed above all else to preserving English peace and stability; her genuine love for her subjects was legendary

Question 26

Elizabethan settlement

Answer 26

a response to the religious divisions in England during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. This response, described as “The Revolution of 1559”, was set out in two Acts of the Parliament of England.The Act of Supremacy of 1558 re-established the Church of England’s independence from Rome, with Parliament conferring on Elizabeth the title Supreme Governor of the Church of England, while the Act of Uniformity of 1559 outlined what form the English Church should take, including the re-establishment of the Book of Common Prayer.

Question 27

Ignatious Loyola

Answer 27

Pope Clement I, also known as Saint Clement of Rome, is listed by Irenaeus and Tertullian as Bishop of Rome, holding office from 88 to his death in 99. He is considered to be the first Apostolic Father of the Church. Founder of jesuits

Question 28

The Dutch revolt

Answer 28

the successful revolt of the northern, largely Protestant Seven Provinces of the Low Countries against the rule of the Roman Catholic King Philip II of Spain, hereditary ruler of the provinces.

Question 29

Jesuits

Answer 29

The Jesuit order played an important role in the Counter-Reformation and eventually succeeded in converting millions around the world to Catholicism. The Jesuit movement was founded by Ignatius de Loyola, a Spanish soldier turned priest, in August 1534.

Question 30

Battle of lepanto

Answer 30

a naval engagement taking place on 7 October 1571 in which a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of European Catholic maritime states arranged by Pope Pius V, financed by Habsburg Spain and led by admiral John of Austria, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras, where the Ottoman forces sailing westwards from their naval station in Lepanto (the Venetian name of ancient Naupactus Ναύπακτος, Ottoman İnebahtı) met the fleet of the Holy League sailing east from Messina, Sicily.