Reformation Flashcards
Martin Luther
challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible- and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes.
Lutheranism
- Salvation: is achieved through faith
- Sacraments: Accept some sacraments but reject others because rituals cannot erase sin, only God
- Head of church: is elected council
- Bible alone is source of truth
- People read and interpret bible for themselves
John Calvin
known for his doctrine of predestination and his theocratic view of the state.
Calvinism
- Salvation: God alone determines who will be saved
- Sacraments: Accept some sacraments but reject others because rituals cannot erase sin, only God
- Head of church: council of elders
- Bible alone is source of truth
- people read and interpret bible for themselves
The diet of worms
imperial council that was convened to decide the fate of Martin Luther. It was held in Worms, Germany. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V presided over the diet. … It was a point in which Luther’s life, and the entire Reformation, hung in the balance.
Anabaptists
Christians who believe that baptism is only valid when the candidate confesses his or her faith in Christ and wants to be baptized. This believer’s baptism is opposed to baptism of infants, who are not able to make a conscious decision to be baptized.
Charles V
sought to unite the many kingdoms under his rule in the hope of creating a vast, universal empire. However, his hopes were thwarted by the Protestant Reformation in Germany, a lifelong dynastic struggle with King Francis, and the advance of the Ottoman Turks into Europe. In 1558
Phillip II
became king of Spain in January 1556. He governedSpain in her so-called “Golden Age”. However, his reign saw the economic decline of Spain, her bankruptcy and a disastrous decade from 1588 to 1598 which included the disaster of the Spanish Armada.
Catherine of Aragon
Was only able to provide one female child forking Henry VIII. After Henry called for the start of the English church she was banished and died heartbroken in 1536
Act of supremacy
granted King Henry VIII of England and subsequent monarchs Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England.
The book of common prayer
unlike books of prayers, contain the words of structured (or liturgical) services of worship.containing black rubric
Marry Tudor
Only child of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon to survive into adulthood. Mary took the throne in 1553, reigning as the first queen regnant of England and Ireland. Seeking to return England to the Catholic Church, she persecuted hundreds of Protestants and earned the moniker “Bloody Mary.”
The counter reformation
the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent
The council of Trent
Important members of the Catholic Church met in Trento three times between December 13, 1545, and December 4, 1563, as a reaction to the Protestant Reformation. The two main goals of the Council of Trent were to address abuses in the Church and to clarify Catholic teaching to meet the Protestant challenges.
Catherine de Medici
Known for her involvement in the Christian Huguenot wars. Italian noble woman. Ruled for son
Henry IV of France
Raised a Protestant, he became heir to the French throne through his marriage to Margaret of Valois, but was challenged during a time of religious strife. Despite converting to Catholicism after becoming king of France in 1589, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes to foster religious tolerance
The Huguenots
French protestants who followed the teaching of Luther and Calvin. Eventually forced to flee France and other countries because of religious persecution
The French wars of religion
The French Wars of Religion, or Huguenot Wars of the 16th century, are names for a period of civil infighting, military operations and religious war primarily fought between Roman Catholics and Huguenots in the Kingdom of France. Started with murder of Huguenot congregation and ended with Henry’s embrace of Catholicism and religious toleration of Huguenots in edict of Nantes
Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes, signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time
Thirty year war
Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers. These states employed relatively large mercenary armies, and the war became less about religion and more of a continuation of the France–Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence ended by peace of Westphalia
Peace of Westphalia
European settlements of 1648, which brought to an end the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years’ War.
Puritans
group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to “purify” the Church of England from its “Catholic” practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed.
Anglican Church
Church set up by Henry VIII after the pope refused to allow him to marry his wife.
Presbyterianism
form of Protestant Church government in which the church is administered locally by the minister with a group of elected elders of equal rank, and regionally and nationally by representative courts of ministers and elders.
Elizabeth I
Virgin queen. She never married and ran the country of England during a time of economic recovery. She was committed above all else to preserving English peace and stability; her genuine love for her subjects was legendary
Elizabethan settlement
a response to the religious divisions in England during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. This response, described as “The Revolution of 1559”, was set out in two Acts of the Parliament of England.The Act of Supremacy of 1558 re-established the Church of England’s independence from Rome, with Parliament conferring on Elizabeth the title Supreme Governor of the Church of England, while the Act of Uniformity of 1559 outlined what form the English Church should take, including the re-establishment of the Book of Common Prayer.
Ignatious Loyola
Pope Clement I, also known as Saint Clement of Rome, is listed by Irenaeus and Tertullian as Bishop of Rome, holding office from 88 to his death in 99. He is considered to be the first Apostolic Father of the Church. Founder of jesuits
The Dutch revolt
the successful revolt of the northern, largely Protestant Seven Provinces of the Low Countries against the rule of the Roman Catholic King Philip II of Spain, hereditary ruler of the provinces.
Jesuits
The Jesuit order played an important role in the Counter-Reformation and eventually succeeded in converting millions around the world to Catholicism. The Jesuit movement was founded by Ignatius de Loyola, a Spanish soldier turned priest, in August 1534.
Battle of lepanto
a naval engagement taking place on 7 October 1571 in which a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of European Catholic maritime states arranged by Pope Pius V, financed by Habsburg Spain and led by admiral John of Austria, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras, where the Ottoman forces sailing westwards from their naval station in Lepanto (the Venetian name of ancient Naupactus Ναύπακτος, Ottoman İnebahtı) met the fleet of the Holy League sailing east from Messina, Sicily.
