Reform Movements

Question 1

Public Education

Answer 1

Horace Mann
Education was wanted to increase the strength of the government through smarter politicians

Question 2

Romantic Literature

Answer 2

Edgar Allen Poe
In the south, romantic literature was used to defend institutions like slavery
Romantic literature in general was an attempt to bring back classical writing styles and patterns

Question 3

Prisons, Asylums, and Poorhouses

Answer 3

Idea that properly structured rehabilitation was possible
Separated different levels of prisoners

Question 4

Temperance

Answer 4

Charles Grandison Finney
Alcoholic people were getting too numerous
Alcoholic husbands were spending money on alcohol that should have gone towards supporting the family

Question 5

Secena Falls

Answer 5

The Declaration of Sentiments
Group of abolitionist women at Seneca Falls advocated for equal rights between women and men

Question 6

American Colonization Society

Answer 6

To “encourage” the resettlement of African Americans in Africa or the Caribbean (they literally just sent people on boats)
Had abolitionist ideals
Failure, because it was impossible to move every African American somewhere else because of the numbers
It was also a failure because many African Americans were removed from Africa by more than three generations and they didn’t want to go to somewhere they had no connection with

Question 7

Abolition

Answer 7

William Lloyd Garrison and Benjamin Lundy
Newspapers Genius of Universal Emancipation and Liberator
Had the mindset of looking at the damage slavery had done to Africans both in and out of America
Demanded the immediate, unconditional, universal abolition of slavery (as opposed to “gradualism”)

Question 8

Medical Advancements

Answer 8

Oliver Wendell Holmes
People wanted to know more about sicknesses and find better ways to cure them

Question 9

Oneida

Answer 9

Established in upstate New York by John Humphrey Noyes
Intended to be a community where everyone was “married” to each other and sexual behavior was monitored
In the wise words of a very wise man, when everyone’s married, no one will be
Children were supposed to be raised by the community

Question 10

Brook Farm

Answer 10

George Ripley’s experimental community in West Roxbury, Massachusetts
Ideally all members of the community would share equal labor, kinda like communism
It failed because people didn’t have much individual freedom, kinda like communism

Question 11

Mormonism

Answer 11

Mormonism started in upstate New York by Joseph Smith
Smith found the golden tablets or something
Ended up establishing Salt Lake City in Utah

Question 12

Shakers

Answer 12

Established by “Mother” Ann Lee
No one could be born into Shakerism
Contact between men and women was limited
More women were shakers than men
Women usually had greater power
Endorsed ideas of sexual equality

Question 13

Second Great Awakening

Answer 13

Mission to spread belief in the perfectibility of the self
Protestant religious revival

Question 14

Transcendentalism
(trans-suh-den-tull-is-m)

Answer 14

Ralph Waldo Emerson
A style of writing inspired by German philosophers and English writers which “embraced a theory of the individual that rested on a distinction between what they called ‘reason’ and ‘understanding’”
Argued every person’s goal should be “liberation from the confines of ‘freedom’ and the cultivation of ‘reason’”

Question 15

Audubon Society

Answer 15

John J. Audubon
Audubon Society was named after Audubon and was aimed at preserving and protecting bird species

Question 16

Bloomers

Answer 16

Fanny Kemble and Amelia Bloomer
A type of women’s clothing that combined a short skirt with full-length pantalettes
Intended to increase mobility while keeping modesty
Bloomers were expressions of feminist sentiments

Question 17

Graham Crackers

Answer 17

Sylvester Graham (from Connecticut!)
Graham promoted healthy eating and a certain kind of flower that was healthier

Question 18

New Harmony

Answer 18

Robert Owen in Indiana
Intended to be another definitely not communist community where everyone worked and lived in total equality
“A spiritual sanctuary that later became a haven for international scientists, scholars and educators who sought equality in communal living”

Question 19

The Blind

Answer 19

Perkins School for the Blind in Boston
The Perkins School for the Blind was the first school committed to the idea that blind people could definitely function in society if given the proper scaffolding

Question 20

McGuffey Readers

Answer 20

William Holmes McGuffey and Alexander Hamilton McGuffey
Books for grade schoolers intended to teach early educational concepts

Question 21

Lyceum Movement

Answer 21

Josiah Holbrook
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Intended to educate adults to improve society socially, economically, and morally