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Biology B1 > Reflexes and Hormones > Flashcards

Reflexes and Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in your environment that you react to

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2
Q

What are the five different sensory organs?

What do these contain?

A 
Eyes
ears
nose
tongue
skin
Receptors
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3
Q

What are receptors?

What do they do?

A

Groups of cells that are sensitive to a stimulus

Change stimulus energy into electrical impulses

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4
Q

What could a stimulus be? (guess 3)

A 
Light
sound
touch
pressure
chemical
change in position or temp
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5
Q

The eye is the …. ….

This contains the ….. ……

A

sense organ

light receptors

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6
Q

What is the central nervous system?

What does it consist of?

A

Where all the info from the sense organs is sent and reflexes and actions are coordinated
The brain and spinal cord only

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7
Q

What do neurons do?

What is a neuron?

A

Transmit the information (electrical impulses) very quickly to and from the CNS
A nerve cell

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8
Q

What does the CNS do after it has received an electrical impulse from a sense organ?

A

Send electrical impulses (instructions) to the effectors (muscles and glands) which respond accordingly.

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9
Q

Sense organ: Eyes

The receptors and what they’re sensitive to: (+ what’s in the cells)

A

Light receptors

Sensitive to light. The cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane

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10
Q

Sense organ: Ears

The receptors and what they’re sensitive to: (2)

A

Sound - sensitive to sound

Also balance receptors, sensitive to position

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11
Q

Sense organ: Nose

The receptors and what they’re sensitive to: (2)

A

Small receptors - sensitive to chemical stimuli

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12
Q

Sense organ: Tongue

The receptors and what they’re sensitive to: (2)

A

Taste receptors - sensitive to bitter and sweet - and other tastes - chemical stimuli

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13
Q

Sense organ: Skin

The receptors and what they’re sensitive to: (2)

A

Sensitive to touch

Pressure, pain and temp change

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14
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

Nerve cells that carry signals as electrical impulses from the receptors in the sensory organs to the CNS

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15
Q

What do relay neurons do?

A

These nerve cells carry signals from the sensory neurons through the CNS to the motor neurons

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16
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

Carry signals from the relay neurons in the CNS to the effectors

17
Q

What do the effectors do?

A

Muscles and glands are effectors and respond in different ways - muscles contract in response to nervous impulses and glands secrete hormones.

18
Q

What are synapses?

A

The connection between two neurons

19
Q

What happens to the nerve signal at a synapse?

A

It’s transferred by chemicals which diffuse over the gap, these then set off new electrical signals in the next neuron

20
Q

What are reflexes?

What can they reduce?

A

Automatic responses to certain stimuli

The chances of being injured

21
Q

What are two examples of automatic reflexes?

A

A bright light in an eye - the pupils immediately go smaller to stop so much light getting into the eye so it doesn’t get damaged
When shocked the body releases the adrenaline hormone

22
Q

Where do the neurons in the reflex arc go through?

A

The spinal cord or the unconscious part of the brain

23
Q

What happens when a stimulus is detected by a receptor?

A

Impulses are sent along the sensory neuron to the CNS

24
Q

What happens when the impulse reaches the synapse between the sensory neuron and the relay neuron?

A

They trigger chemicals to be released and these cause impulses to be sent along the relay neuron

25
Q

What happens when the relay neuron impulse reaches the next synapse?

A

Chemicals are released and reach the motor neuron and cause more impulses to be sent down this neuron.

26
Q

Where do the impulses go from the motor neuron?

A

Along it to the effector

27
Q

What happens when the signal impulse reaches the effector from the motor neuron?

A

The muscle contracts

28
Q

What is the flow chart order of the reflex arc?

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Relay neuron (CNS)
Motor neuron
Effector
Response
29
Q

What are hormones?

How long are their effects?

A

Chemicals messangers which travel in the blood to activate target cells
Long lasting effects

30
Q

How are hormones carried around the body, what do they affect? and what do they control?

A

Carried in the blood plasma to other parts of the body
They only affect particular target cells in particular places
They control things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment

31
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

In and secreted by various glands, such as the pituitary gland and the ovaries

32
Q

What happens in the pituitary gland?

A

It produces many hormones including FSH and LH which are involved in the menstrual cycle

33
Q

What happens (to do with hormones) in the ovaries?

A

They produce oestrogen which is involved in the menstrual cycle

34
Q

What are the three properties of nerves carrying messages?

A

They’re very fast messages
Act for a very short time
Act on a very precise area

35
Q

What are the three properties of hormones carrying messages?

A

Slower message
Act for a long time
Act in a more general way

36
Q

If the response is quick, e.g pain, it’s a …. response

If it lasts for a long time it’s probably a …. response

A

nervous

hormonal

Biology B1 (3 decks)

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