reflexes Flashcards
rapid, predictable, and involuntary
response to a stimulus- reflex arc
Reflex
direct route from a sensory neuron, to
an interneuron, to an effector
Reflex arc
Smooth muscle regulation
Heart and blood pressure regulation
Regulation of glands
Digestive system regulation
Autonomic
Activation of skeletal muscles
Somatic
The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal
cord
The opening of the neural tube becomes the
ventricles
Four chambers within the brain
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube
Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
regions of the brain
Paired (left and right) superior parts of the
brain
Includes more than half of the brain mass
The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and
grooves (sulci)
Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
Primary somatic sensory area
Receives impulses from the body’s
sensory receptors
Located in parietal lobe
Primary motor area
Sends impulses to skeletal muscles
Located in frontal lobe
Broca’s area
Involved in our ability to speak
Specialized areas of the cerebrum
Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum
into lobes
Surface lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Lobes of the cerebrum
Gustatory area (taste)
Visual area
Auditory area
Olfactory area
Cerebral areas involved in special senses
Speech/language region
Language comprehension region
General interpretation area
Interpretation areas of the cerebrum
Gray matter—outer layer in the cerebral cortex
composed mostly of neuron cell bodies
White matter—fiber tracts deep to the gray
matter
Corpus callosum connects hemispheres
Layers of the cerebrum
islands of gray matter buried within
the white matter
Basal nuclei
Sits on top of the brain stem
Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
Made of three parts
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Diencephalon
Surrounds the third ventricle
The relay station for sensory impulses
Transfers impulses to the correct part of the
cortex for localization and interpretation
Thalamus
Under the thalamus
Important autonomic nervous system center
Helps regulate body temperature
Controls water balance
Regulates metabolism
Hypothalamus
An important part of the limbic system
(emotions)
The pituitary gland is attached to the
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus (continued)
Forms the roof of the third ventricle
Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)
Includes the choroid plexus—forms
cerebrospinal fluid
Epithalamus
Attaches to the spinal cord
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Brain Stem
Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers
Has two bulging fiber tracts—
cerebral peduncles
Has four rounded protrusions—
corpora quadrigemina
Reflex centers for vision and hearing
Midbrain
The bulging center part of the brain stem
Mostly composed of fiber tracts
Includes nuclei involved in the control of
breathing
Pons
The lowest part of the brain stem
Merges into the spinal cord
Includes important fiber tracts
Contains important control centers
Heart rate control
Blood pressure regulation
Breathing
Swallowing
Vomiting
Medulla Oblongata
Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain
stem
Involved in motor control of visceral organs
Reticular activating system (RAS) plays a role
in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness
Reticular Formation
Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces
Provides involuntary coordination of body
movements
Cerebellum
