Reflex models

Question 1

Reflex models can be understood as different combinations of communications between somatic and visceral structures. What are the 4 models?

Answer 1

Somato-somatic
Somato-visceral
Visceral-somatic
Viscero-visceral

Question 2

Local spinal effects of subluxation causes muscle hypertonicity/ imbalance, fixation etc.

Answer 2

Somato-motor/ somato-somatic; proprioceptive insult

Question 3

Somato-visceral aka

Answer 3

Somato-autonomic

Question 4

Somatic dysafferentation causes

Answer 4

Somatic efferent reflex effects

Question 5

What is an increase in nociceptive afferent impulses combined with diminished proprioceptive impulses primarily from mechanoreceptors?

Answer 5

Somatic dysafferentation

Question 6

Who believed that innervated somatic tissues in spine were a source of bombardment of neurologic signals leading to hyperstimulation or facilitation?

Answer 6

Korr

Question 7

Who believed that nociceptive neurons are the afferents which produce facilitation?

Answer 7

Seaman

Question 8

Facilitation aka

Answer 8

Hyperstimulation from bombardment of neurologic signals from spine

Question 9

What is nociceptive spasm?

Answer 9

Isolated segmental spinal muscles which don’t act in coordination with rest of spine

Question 10

Who proposed nociceptive facilitation?

Answer 10

Seaman

Question 11

Facilitation can result in a?

Answer 11

Positive feedback cycle

Question 12

What concept states that an effect of spinal fixation/hypomobility associated with subluxation may cause diminished afferent signals from somatic structures, primarily mechanoreceptors?

Answer 12

Deafferentation concept

Question 13

What are the most common mechanoreceptors affected in the deafferentation concept?

Answer 13

Type I and II

Question 14

With the diminished afferent signals of the deafferentation concept what happens to the CNS?

Answer 14

It is deprived of information needed for balance and coordination- ataxia and dizziness

Question 15

Who stated that chiropractors don’t take pressure off nerves but put pressure on mechanoreceptors?

Answer 15

Carrick

Question 16

Who stated that 99% of all neurologic syndromes are related to deafferentation?

Answer 16

Carrick

Question 17

Decreased mechanoreceptor input associated with decreased or restricted joint mobility causes increased perception of?

Answer 17

Pain

Question 18

Increased nociception and or decreased mechanoreception

Answer 18

Somatic dysafferentation

Question 19

Increased sympathetic stimulation of target tissues and organs

Answer 19

Sympatheticotonia

Question 20

Visceral afferents -> somatic efferents

Answer 20

Viscero-somatic reflex model

Question 21

Somatic afferents -> visceral efferents

Answer 21

Somato-visceral reflex

Question 22

Anterior horn effects

Answer 22

Somato-somatic

Question 23

Lateral horn effects

Answer 23

Somato-autonomic

Question 24

Modification of sympathetic nerve activity locally and globally

Answer 24

Sympatheticotonia

Question 25

Who stated that subluxation reduces brain/cortical summation?

Answer 25

Murphy

Question 26

Who stated that reduced brain summation dis-inhibits SNS?

Answer 26

Murphy

Question 27

Who stated that correcting the subluxation will reduce SNS activity, reduce catecholamine release, enhance Th1 response which will improve infection fighting and inhibit Th2 response which will reduce allergic/ atopic disease s&s?

Answer 27

Murphy

Question 28

Who stated that the most critical effect of manipulation is the quieting of sympathetic hyperactivity?

Answer 28

Korr

Question 29

Subluxation can result in a sustained increase in production of?

Answer 29

TNF-a

Question 30

Adjustments do what to TNF-a?

Answer 30

Decrease it

Question 31

Who stated that subluxation leads to dysautonomia?

Answer 31

Kent

Question 32

Who developed the compensation reaction- concept that hypomobility in a segment leads to hyper mobility elsewhere?

Answer 32

Jirout

Question 33

Change in central axis of motion was who?

Answer 33

Kapandji

Question 34

Loss of joint end play

Answer 34

Mennell

Question 35

Positional dyskinesia

Answer 35

Suh