referred pain

Question 1

visceral afferents from foregut organs enter the spinal cord at ____?

Answer 1

T6-T8

Question 2

visceral afferents from midgut organs enter the spinal cord at __?

Answer 2

T9-T12

Question 3

visceral afferents of the hindgut enter the spinal cord at __?

Answer 3

T12-L2

Question 4

describe what is meant by ‘referred pain’?

Answer 4

referred pain is felt at a different location to the stimulus, as a result of visceral afferent and somatic sensory fibres converging at the same spinal level

Question 5

name the foregut organs?

Answer 5

oesophagus, stomach to first 1/2 of duodenum, 1/2 of pancreas, liver, gall bladder

Question 6

name the midgut organs?

Answer 6

second 1/2 of duodenum, 1/2 of pancreas, small intestine to the proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon

Question 7

name the hindgut organs?

Answer 7

distal 1/3rd of the transverse colon to the anal canal

Question 8

describe where pain from the liver is felt?

Answer 8

liver is a foregut organ. pain is initially referred to epigastric region (T6-T9). Irritation of the diaphragm (phrenic nerve C3,4,5) presents as referred pain to the right shoulder tip (supraclavicular nerve C3,4)

Question 9

describe where pain from the appendix is felt?

Answer 9

appendix is a midgut organ. Pain is initially referred to umbilical region (T9-T12). Irritation of parietal peritoneum localises pain to the RIF.

Question 10

spinal level of the nipple?

Answer 10

T4

Question 11

spinal level of umbilicus?

Answer 11

T10