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Paper 1 > Referendums > Flashcards

Referendums Flashcards

1
Q

What was the turnout in the 1997 scottish devolution referendum?

A

74% yes

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2
Q

What is a referendum?

A

They ask the electorate directly a question to establish which decision/direction the government should take on an issue. They are the purest form of democracy, known as direct democracy.

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3
Q

How did Atlee describe referendums?

A

Alien to British tradition

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4
Q

What do referendums enhance in democracy?

A

Popular sovereignty

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5
Q

What is direct democracy?

A

Electorate has a say directly on issues affecting them.

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6
Q

What type of issues are referendums held on?

A

Constitutional issues where the electorate should have a say because they impact their lives significantly

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7
Q

What is popular sovereignty?

A

This is where the electorate can exercise sovereignty as they are the ones who have the power to elect representatives and decide on major issues by voting in referendums.

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8
Q

The government doesn’t have to act on referendum results, why is this?

A

results are not legally binding as parliament is sovereign

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9
Q

The government often does legitimise the outcome, how and why do they do this?

A

By voting for the outcome in parliament. They do not want to go against the democratic will of the people as that would be illegitimate. Delegate model of representation

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10
Q

Why did the use of referendums increase significantly under Blair?

A

Democratisation agenda, enhancing participation in politics.

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11
Q

What changes did the Elections Act 2022 bring in?

A

Photo ID required to vote, changed the electoral system for mayoral and PCC elections

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12
Q

Why do governments hold elections?

A

To gain a mandate for changes they wish to make

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13
Q

What is a mandate?

A

Having the permission (from the electorate) to govern/make decisions. Winning an election by a large margin provides a mandate, as does a clear decision from the electorate on a referendum

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14
Q

1975 referendum, what was the issue? why was it held? what was the turnout and result? What did it allow Wilson to claim?

A

Membership of the EEC, division in the Lab party over EEC membership, 64% turnout, strong yes vote, Wilson claimed a mandate for decision to join EEC in 1972.

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15
Q

1979 referendum, what was the issue? why was it held? what was the turnout and result? What was the issue ith the outcome?

A

Scottish devolution, Callaghan needed support of nationalists in the Commons as he lost majority, 64% turnout, 51% yes vote, but fell short of 40% threshold

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16
Q

1997 Wales - issue, turnout, outcome, issues highlighted in this referendum?

A

Welsh devolution, 50% turnout, 50.3% yes vote, tyranny of the minority as 25% made decision to create a Welsh Assembly

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17
Q

1997 Scotland - issue, turnout, outcome, issues highlighted in this referendum?

A

Scottish devolution, 60% turnout, 74% yes vote, two questions asked that were vague - should there be a new parliament, should it have tax varying powers? Unclear what electorate voted for/what tax varying powers would be

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18
Q

1998 Northern Ireland - issue, turnout, outcome

A

Devolution to northern ireland after signing the Good Friday agreement. 81% turnout, 71% yes vote.

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19
Q

1998 London - issue, turnout, outcome, issues highlighted in this referendum?

A

Creating a London assembly and mayor. 34% turnout, 72% yes vote, clear tyranny of minority

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20
Q

2004 North East - issue, outcome, what was significant about this referendum?

A

North East assembly creation after democratisation agenda under New Labour. 79% no vote, clear vote from the electorate ended Labour’s plans for further devolution

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21
Q

2008 Manchester - issue, outcome, issues highlighted?

A

Conegestion charge in Manchester, 78|% no vote, campaign was negatively impacted and the charge was painted as a tax to the electorate rather than funding for the region.

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22
Q

2011 Alternative vote - issue, outcome, issues highlighted?

A

Compromise from the 2010 coalition however Lib Dems didn’t want AV as their PR system of choice. 42% turnout, 68% no vote. Negative campaign, voters used the referendum to express upset with LD after tuition fees promise was scrapped.

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23
Q

2014 Scotland - issue, turnout, outcome, issues highlighted?

A

Scottish independence, all major leaders campaigned for the union, SNP and Scottish greens campaign against in favour of independence. 84% turnout, 55% no vote. Unclear what was offered,; independence, devo max, same relationship with around 1/3 wanting each. Neverendum, Indy has been raised since bvy SNP - won 56/59 seats in 2015 GE.

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24
Q

what happened for the first time in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum? Give %

A

16 & 17 year olds can vote. 75% voted, 97% of those who did said they would vote again, boosting participation

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25
Q

2016 Brexit - issue, turnout, outcome, issues highlighted?

A

Exiting the EU. 72%, 52% Leave. Issues with campaigns and fake news from both sides questioning the mandate from the Leave vote by some. Neverendums, opinion polls in Oct 2023 showed a majority would not vote for Brexit if 2nd referendum was held, referendums don’t always solve constitutional issues

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26
Q

Why was the 2016 referendum held?

A

Solve division in the Conservative party and prevent further defection to UKIP.

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27
Q

what is a referendum?

A

an example of direct democracy where the electorate is asked a question directly to establish the government’s stance on an issue

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28
Q

what sort of issues are referendums held upon?

A

major constitutional issues which may affect the lives of all

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29
Q

how many times have referendums been used in britain?

A

13, with only 4 of these being before New Labour in 1997

30
Q

why was there an increase in the frequency of referendums under new labour

A

part of their 1997 manifesto included democratisation policies such as devolution so the government hoped to gain consent for devolution in regions

31
Q

issue in 1975 EEC Referendum

A

Wilson’s entering of the EEC through the European Communities Act proved divisive with 7 of his ministers threatening to resign so he held a referendum to gain permission from the people and a mandate to enter the EEC

32
Q

turnout of 1975 EEC Ref

A

63%

33
Q

result of 1975 EEC Ref

A

67% yes

34
Q

issue in 1979 Scottish Parliament Ref

A

James Callaghan was lacking in support so used the ref as a way to gain support from scottish nationalists going into the 1979 GE - set up a minimum 40% threshold

35
Q

turnout of 1979 Scottish Parliament Ref

A

64%

36
Q

result of 1979 Scottish Parliament Ref

A

52% yes - did not meet 40% threshold

37
Q

issue behind 1997 Welsh Devolution Ref

A

New Labour’s 1997 manifesto included democratisation policies which they had a mandate to pursue due to their 179-seat majority so proposed a welsh assembly

38
Q

turnout for 1997 welsh devolution ref

A

a little over 50%

39
Q

result of 1997 welsh devolution ref

A

50.3% yes

40
Q

what is the 1997 welsh devolution ref a clear example of

A

tyranny of the minority
25% actually voted for Welsh devolution

41
Q

what was wrong with the question in the 1997 scottish devolution ref?

A

too vague: unclear what ‘tax-varying powers’ actually meant

42
Q

turnout of 1997 scottish devolution ref

A

60%

43
Q

result of 1997 scottish devolution ref

A

74.3% yes

44
Q

what was the issue behind the 1998 ni assembly referendum

A

came at the end of the troubles after the good friday agreement to solidify the peoples desire for the end of the fighting and entrench peace

45
Q

turnout of 1998 ni assembly ref

A

81%

46
Q

result of 1998 ni assembly ref

A

71% YES

47
Q

issue behind 2004 ne regional assembly ref

A

following previous success at devolution in the last 90s, new labour wished to expand further

48
Q

result of 2004 ne regional assembly referendum

A

79% no

49
Q

what does the 2004 ne regional assembly ref result show?

A

that referendums provide a clear voice to the people with the resounding 79% no vote.

50
Q

issue behind 2011 av ref

A

part of the coalition deal between cons and lib dems - lib dems hoped for electoral reform and campaigned on that promise

51
Q

turnout of 2011 av ref

A

42%

52
Q

result of 2011 av ref

A

67.9% no

53
Q

what is one reason why the no vote from 2011 av ref may have been so resounding?

A

public wanted to give nick clegg a ‘bloody nose’ over tuition promises which he went against

54
Q

what was the issue behind the 2014 indyref

A

cons wanted to calm scottish nationalism for a generation

55
Q

what made the 2014 indyref unclear?

A

many were unsure what they were voting for - devomax, staying the same, or leaving the union

55
Q

who was also allowed to vote in 2014 indyref and what impact did this have

A

16 and 17 y/o were also allowed to vote - 75% of them chose to vote and 97% said that they were likely to vote again in the future

56
Q

results of the YouGov poll about devomax

A

24% wanted independence, 33% wished to remain in the union, 36% wanted devomax

57
Q

turnout of 2014 indyref

A

84%

58
Q

result of 2014 indyref

A

55% remain in union

59
Q

did the 2014 indyref solve the issue the conservatives attempted to solve

A

arguably no - the next ge saw snp win most scottish seats of 56/59 when they campaigned on the eventual promise of scottish independence, showing independence to still be a popular idea with the electorate

60
Q

what were the issues of scottish independence coined as?

A

Neverendum, unclear what the increased powers looked like

61
Q

what did SNP pass in 2017 alongside help from Greens regarding independence

A

legislation for a second Indyref

62
Q

what issue was the 2016 brexit ref about

A

remaining or leving the EU - was legally non-binding but Cameron promised to honor the wishes of the people and follow through with the decision

63
Q

why did the Cons offer up the promise of a brexit ref

A

offered in their 2015 manifesto to gain back swaying tory support from voters who may have voted for UKIP instead - maintaining party base.

64
Q

who campaigned for which side in 2016 brexit ref

A

who campaigned for which side in 2016 Brexit ref Cons were allowed to campaign freely, with Johnson and Michael Gove championing the leave campaign. labour campaigned for remain, even though corbyn was a devout eurosceptic

65
Q

turnout of 2016 brexit ref

A

72%

66
Q

Brexit result

A

52% yes

67
Q

which age group was most and least likely to vote remain

A

73% of 18-24 y/o voted remain whereas only 40% of 65+ voted remain, showing clear ideological divides due to age

68
Q

which regions were most and least likely to vote remain

A

scotland had strong Remain (62%), rural areas with a larger older population were much more likely to vote leave, Red wall seats predominantly Leave

69
Q

What was the 2008 manchester referendum about?

A

Congestion charge

70
Q

What was the 2008 manchester referendum outcome?

A

78% no vote

71
Q

What issues did the 2008 manchester referendum highlight?

A

Campaigns - congestion charge was framed by the No campaign as an increase in taxation, and led to the region not securing vital funding for public transport.

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