References - name first

Question 1

Chesson, 2000

Answer 1

Stabilising mechanisms such as resource partitioning are essential for species coexistence

Question 2

Kitchen et al., 1999

Answer 2

Swift foxes specialise in small prey while coyotes consume greater proportions of large prey

Question 3

Schoener, 1968

Answer 3

Lizards of the genus Anolis divide their habitat according to perch height and perch diameter

Question 4

Plaisance et al., 2011

Answer 4

Tropical reefs shelter one-third to one-quarter of all marine life

Question 5

Lough et al., 2018

Answer 5

Coral-algal symbiosis is essential for the functioning of reefs but thermal stress can break down this symbiosis and lead to bleaching

Question 6

Gurnell et al., 2004

Answer 6

Grey squirrels from North America have replaced red squirrels throughout much of Britain, Ireland and North Italy

Question 7

Schluter, 2000

Answer 7

Adaptive radiation is the evolution of ecological diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage

Question 8

Townsend, 1997

Answer 8

Species richness of stream invertebrates was greatest in streams that experienced an intermediate frequency of disturbance

Question 9

Potts, 2010

Answer 9

Pollinators provide vital ecosystem services to crops and wild plants and are a key component of global diversity

Question 10

Ostfeld, 1989

Answer 10

Sea otters in Santa Cruz switched from sea urchins to kelp depending on depleting numbers

Question 11

Pelletier, 2017

Answer 11

Eco-evolutionary dynamics is defined as an evolutionary change in a trait that causes a change in an ecological variable that then influences selection on the same or some other trait

Question 12

Bell and Gonzalez, 1999

Answer 12

Tested the theory that evolutionary rescue can prevent extinction following an environmental change by exposing yeast cells to different salt concentrations

Question 13

Dodson, 1988

Answer 13

The presence of predators induce longer helmets and longer spines in Daphnia

Question 14

Arjen et al., 2016

Answer 14

During the industrial revolution, the pale form of the peppered moth was replaced by a black form

Question 15

Hooper, 2005

Answer 15

Ecosystem goods and services have been altered by species invasions and human activities

Question 16

Reiss et al., 2009

Answer 16

If an entire functional group of seemingly redundant species is lost then an ecosystem can suffer severe consequences

Question 17

Loreau et al., 2001

Answer 17

In changing environments, larger numbers of species are needed to reduce variability in ecosystem processes

Question 18

State of the Climate: Global Climate Report for Annual 2016, 2017

Answer 18

The average global temperature has increased by 0.94C above the 20th-century average

Question 19

Parmesan and Yohe, 2003

Answer 19

Species have migrated around 6.1km per decade northward/upward

Question 20

Malcolm et al., 2006

Answer 20

Global warming is a key threat to biodiversity

Question 21

Damuth, 1981

Answer 21

There seems to be an inverse relationship between the size of an animal species and its local abundance

Question 22

Pringle, 2008

Answer 22

As a result of elephants damaging trees, their structural complexity is increased, which provides refuges for a common arboreal lizard

Question 23

Yvon-Durocher et al., 2011

Answer 23

Body size of aquatic species decreases with an increase in temperature

Question 24

Molnar et al., 2010

Answer 24

Populations of polar bear are predicted to be negatively impacted by global warming

Question 25

Thuiller et al., 2005

Answer 25

• We found that risks of extinction for European plants may be large, even in moderate scenarios of climate change

Question 26

Huntley and Webb, 1989

Answer 26

Tree populations change in distribution, abundance and association in response to long-term changes in climate

Question 27

Groot et al., 2002

Answer 27

Ecosystems provide goods and services such as climate regulation, UVb protection by O3 and provision of drinking water amongst others

Question 28

Reiss et al., 2009 (2)

Answer 28

Earth’s biota regulates numerous fluxes of energy and matter, including carbon uptake, nutrient cycling and oxygen production.