References - description first

Question 1

Global warming is a key threat to biodiversity

Answer 1

Malcolm et al., 2006

Question 2

Species richness of stream invertebrates was greatest in streams that experienced an intermediate frequency of disturbance

Answer 2

Townsend, 1997

Question 3

Eco-evolutionary dynamics is defined as an evolutionary change in a trait that causes a change in an ecological variable that then influences selection on the same or some other trait

Answer 3

Pelletier, 2017

Question 4

Adaptive radiation is the evolution of ecological diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage

Answer 4

Schluter, 2000

Question 5

In changing environments, larger numbers of species are needed to reduce variability in ecosystem processes

Answer 5

Loreau et al., 2001

Question 6

Lizards of the genus Anolis divide their habitat according to perch height and perch diameter

Answer 6

Schoener, 1968

Question 7

If an entire functional group of seemingly redundant species is lost then an ecosystem can suffer severe consequences

Answer 7

Reiss et al., 2009

Question 8

Sea otters in Santa Cruz switched from sea urchins to kelp depending on depleting numbers

Answer 8

Ostfeld, 1989

Question 9

Tropical reefs shelter one-third to one-quarter of all marine life

Answer 9

Plaisance et al., 2011

Question 10

Tested the theory that evolutionary rescue can prevent extinction following an environmental change by exposing yeast cells to different salt concentrations

Answer 10

Bell and Gonzalez, 1999

Question 11

Swift foxes specialise in small prey while coyotes consume greater proportions of large prey

Answer 11

Kitchen et al., 1999

Question 12

Ecosystem goods and services have been altered by species invasions and human activities

Answer 12

Hooper, 2005

Question 13

Grey squirrels from North America have replaced red squirrels throughout much of Britain, Ireland and North Italy

Answer 13

Gurnell et al., 2004

Question 14

The average global temperature has increased by 0.94C above the 20th-century average

Answer 14

State of the Climate: Global Climate Report for Annual 2016, 2017

Question 15

The presence of predators induce longer helmets and longer spines in Daphnia

Answer 15

Dodson, 1988

Question 16

There seems to be an inverse relationship between the size of an animal species and its local abundance

Answer 16

Damuth, 1981

Question 17

Stabilising mechanisms such as resource partitioning are essential for species coexistence

Answer 17

Chesson 2000

Question 18

Pollinators provide vital ecosystem services to crops and wild plants and are a key component of global diversity

Answer 18

Potts, 2010

Question 19

Coral-algal symbiosis is essential for the functioning of reefs but thermal stress can break down this symbiosis and lead to bleaching

Answer 19

Lough et al., 2018

Question 20

During the industrial revolution, the pale form of the peppered moth was replaced by a black form

Answer 20

Arjen et al., 2016

Question 21

Species have migrated around 6.1km per decade northward/upward

Answer 21

Parmesan and Yohe, 2003

Question 22

As a result of elephants damaging trees, their structural complexity is increased, which provides refuges for a common arboreal lizard

Answer 22

Pringle, 2008

Question 23

Body size of aquatic species decreases with an increase in temperature

Answer 23

Yvon-Durocher et al., 2011

Question 24

Populations of polar bear are predicted to be negatively impacted by global warming

Answer 24

Molnar et al., 2010

Question 25

• We found that risks of extinction for European plants may be large, even in moderate scenarios of climate change

Answer 25

Thuiller et al., 2005

Question 26

Tree populations change in distribution, abundance and association in response to long-term changes in climate

Answer 26

Huntley and Webb, 1989

Question 27

Ecosystems provide goods and services such as climate regulation, UVb protection by O3 and provision of drinking water amongst others

Answer 27

Groot et al., 2002

Question 28

Earth’s biota regulates numerous fluxes of energy and matter, including carbon uptake, nutrient cycling and oxygen production.

Answer 28

Reiss et al., 2009 (2)