References

Question 1

‘Ice Age Theory’ Switzerland

Neuchatel erratics

Answer 1

Louis Agassiz 1837

Question 2

Parallel roads of Glen Roy, Scotland = marine terraces

Answer 2

Darwin 1939

Question 3

Astronomical theory of ice ages

Answer 3

James Croll 1875

Question 4

CET

Answer 4

Manley 1953

Question 5

Radiocarbon tree ring calibration curve

Answer 5

Stuiver and Pearson 1993

Question 6

Evidence for YD in Australia from U-Th

Answer 6

Goede et al 1996

Question 7

Evidence for YD in Australia proven wrong

Answer 7

Green et al 2013

Question 8

36Cl cosmogenic nuclide dating for YD age in Galicica Mountains

Answer 8

Gromig et al 2017

Question 9

Re-Os dating for low lat glaciations in Proterozoic

Answer 9

Rooney et al 2011

Question 10

Snowball Earth

Answer 10

Gabrielle Walker 2003

Question 11

Palaeomagnetism evidence for snowball earth

Answer 11

Torsvik 2004

Question 12

Cap carbonates

Answer 12

E Greenland

MacKenzie Mtns NW Canada

NE Svalbard

Hoffman et al 1998 = CO2 atm –> ocean and ptt

Question 13

Palaeomagnetism sites not reliable

Answer 13

Evans 2000

• preferred explanations = snowball and obliquity

Question 14

Refugia during snowball earth

Answer 14

Corsetti et al 2003

Microfossils Death Valley

Question 15

Silicified Caldoxylopsida

Answer 15

Stein et al 2007

Hong-He Xu et al 2017

Question 16

Mercury spike in sediment = volcanism cause for Devonian mass extinction

Answer 16

Racki et al 2018

“All 5 major biotic crises more reliably linked to volcanic cataclysms”

Question 17

Carbon storage during carboniferous

Answer 17

Stanley 2000

Greater C burial>weathering = higher 13C:12C ratio

Question 18

Cause of permian mass extinction = siberian traps

Answer 18

Sobolev et al 2011

Question 19

Siberian traps would not have caused mass extinction unless combined with meteor

Answer 19

Keller 2005

Question 20

Meteor caused permian mass extinction

Answer 20

Bolide Impact

Becker et al 2001

Question 21

Fossil fuel burning caused permian mass extinction

Answer 21

Ogden and Sleep 2011

Question 22

Radiative forcing; CO2 causes warming

Answer 22

Crowley and Berner 2002

Question 23

Cause for CO2 increase after Permian unclear

Answer 23

Verzer et al 2000

Weakens T/CO2 link

CO2 concs not primary driver of climate change for at least 1/3 phanerozoic eon

Question 24

CO2 underground = massive source

Answer 24

Baldini et al 2017

Question 25

Palaeobotanical evidence for Mesozoic warmth

Answer 25

Stanley 2000

Question 26

Increase in MOR spreading and LIPs in cretaceous

Answer 26

Larson 1991

Question 27

Chicxulub crater timing doesn’t work

Answer 27

Keller et al 2014

Question 28

Deccan traps were induced by impact of Chicxulub crater

Answer 28

Renne et al 2015

Question 29

Global fire caused from impact of Chicxulub

Answer 29

Wolbach et al 1988

Question 30

Clathrate gun hypothesis

Answer 30

Kennett et al 2000, 2002

Question 31

Thermostat hypothesis

Answer 31

van der Ploeg, 2018

Question 32

Weathering organic rich rocks would release CO2

Answer 32

Clark et al 2017

Horan et al 2017

Question 33

Problems with ice cores

Answer 33

Nick Shackleton

Question 34

T changes ~800 years before CO2

Answer 34

Caillon et al

Question 35

Volcanic activity caused the LIA

Answer 35

Miller et al 2012

Question 36

Lat dependent insolation was the main control on holocene T until 1850

Answer 36

Marcot et al in ‘Science’

Question 37

Glaciers are retreating due to climate change; WAIS>EAIS

Answer 37

Joughin et al 2014

Question 38

Sunspot cycle length is the most important for controlling climate

Answer 38

Friss-Christiansen and Lassen 1991