REEF BUILDERS AND SPACE OCCUPIERS Flashcards
Types of Corals
Soft Corals
Hard Corals
CORALS REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
CORALS’ SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
BUDDING - new polyps bud off from parent polyps to expand or begin new colonies.
FRAGMENTATION - allows a portion of an entire colony to establish new colonies.
The movements of water through a sponge allows for:
Feeding
Respiration
Circulation
Excretion
Responses
Reproduction of Sponges
Sexual reproduction - is the formation of a new organism by the fusion of gametes - an egg and a sperm cell. The sperm is usually produced by the male parent and the egg is produced by the female parent. However, most species of sponges are hermaphroditic, meaning that each individual can produce both eggs and sperm (hermaphrodite). Gametes contain half of the genetic information of each parent (half of their chromosomes), and their fusion during fertilization provides a complete set of chromosomes to the offspring.
Asexual reproduction does not involve the formation of gametes. The offspring are often formed by budding from a single parent organism. This is accomplished by one of two mechanisms: external budding or internal budding. External budding is when a portion of the sponge breaks off and then regenerates into a complete organism. Internal budding takes place by the formation of internal buds called gemmules. Gemmules are a small collection of several different types of cells that are enclosed by a protective covering. This is an important survival mechanism in unfavorable conditions where the adult may not survive. The protected gemmule can withstand harsh conditions and can begin to develop into an adult sponge when conditions are more favorable.
3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MACROALGAE
brown algae (Phaeophyceae)
green algae (Chlorophyta),
red algae (Rhodophyta)
MACROALGAE REPRODUCTION
Asexual Reproduction
- Fragmentation - In this reproduction algae breaks down into small fragments and these fragments grows to bigger organisms, Spirogyra reproduces in such fashion
-Spores - are small cells which germinate to become full-grown plants , in this reproduction first spores produce male and female gametes and then these Gametes fuse together to form zygote which grows into a plant
Sexual Reproduction
- Scalar- Male and female gametes are obtained from different filaments in the same algae at microscopic level algae are formed by chain of filaments during scalariform conjugation filaments with male and female gametes get connected and the new plant is formed
- Sex organs - by producing sex organs , some algae do not have sex organs since beginning but they grow them later in such algae, male sex organ is called antheridia and female sex organ is called archegonia chara is a fresh water algae which reproduce by growing male and female sex organs
What is macroalgae used for?
Formulation of food
Feed
Cosmetics
Health products
Fertilizers as well as tools for wastewater treatment and biofuel production
Mangroves
are higher coastal trees or shrubs
Grow along shallow water coastal areas
Woody, seed bearing halophytes adapted for life in brackish and waterlogged soils
Mangrove Classification
True Mangrove - only found in mangrove environments
Mangrove Associate
Mangrove Zonation
Fringing Zone
Intermediate Zone
Landward Zone
Mangrove Forest Types
Fringing Mangrove
Overwash Mangrove
Rivirine/Estuarine Mangrove
Basin Mangrove
Dwarf Mangrove
Mangrove Adaptation
Physical Stability
Salt Tolerance
Anaerobic Sediment
Reproductive Adaptations
- Viviparity
- Propagule dispersal
Importance of Mangroves
Nursery grounds for fish, prawns and crabs
Provide protection from waves, tides, storms, currents and typhoons
Provide shelter for migratory and local birds
Source of timber, tannin and medicine
Aquaculture and fisheries are dependent on mangrove forests
Threats to Mangroves
Mangrove Cutting
Overexploitation and Utilization
Land Reclamation
Climate Change
